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How do living things pass traits to their offspring?

Learning Targets

Learning Experiences

Misconceptions

V The specialized cells used for sexual reproduction contain the same number of chromosomes as other cells of the body. V Genetic information is inherited from the same-sex parent (i.e. daughters get their DNA from their mother, and sons get their DNA from their father).

89 I can describe the impacts of nondisjunction and relate the timing of nondisjunction to chromosome number in the gametes that form. (12) 90 I can use models to demonstrate a variety of chromosomal changes such as deletions, insertions, inversions, translo- cation, and nondisjunction. (3c, 12, 12a) 91 I can interpret karyotypes to identify chromosomal changes and related genetic

A reading passage introduces students to the consequence of meiotic errors such as chromosome nondisjunction. Students discuss the types of errors that result from nondisjunction (extra or missing chromosomes) and use their chromosome models to illustrate this error, distinguishing the gametes that result from nondisjunction at the first and second meiotic division. Students examine diagrams or chromosome models that illustrate disorders caused by breakage and improper rejoining of chromosome broken ends (deletions, insertions, inversions and translocations). Students interpret human karyotypes to identify typical chromosome patterns as well as various large-scale chromosome errors – multiple karyotype activities are included in the resource list. The limits of karyotyping are discussed, recognizing that many genetic changes are too small to be detected by karyotyping and require other molecular technologies for identification.

93 I can summarize the investigations performed by Gregor Mendel and relate the importance of these experiments in the field of genetics. (11, 11b) 94 I can analyze trait data from multiple generations to support Mendel’s conclusions about inheritance. (11, 11b)

Students examine the historical context surrounding Gregor Mendel’s plant crossing experiments used to decipher the basic tenets of inheritance. Using data drawn from the original crosses, they critique the appropriateness of Mendel’s conclusions. Students summarize their knowledge of Mendel’s work by creating a cartoon, summary, RAFT, etc., and share it with the class.

disorders as well as describe the limitations of karyotyping. (12a)

Teacher Tips Here is a how-to article about using the RAFT

92 I can differentiate genetic disorders in humans in terms of errors of meiosis, either large scale (chromosomal) or small scale (point mutations). (3c, 12, 11c)

instructional strategy: bit.ly/raft-how-to

Biology students may struggle with the amount of new vocabulary encountered in this learning progression. Teachers are encouraged to use appropriate vocabulary strategies to help students acquire needed vocabulary as they encounter new concepts. Calculating percentages and ratios may also be challenging for students who struggle with mathematics. Teachers should be prepared to scaffold students’ initial calculation efforts with appropriate math supports.

Teacher Resources

Teacher Tip Teachers are encouraged to emphasize the nuanced differences between gene

Mendel’s Pea Plants CK12 Web-based interactive allows manipulation of pea traits and analysis of offspring ratios based on Mendel’s laws. bit.ly/mendels-pea-plants Gregor Mendel: The Father of Modern Genetics Office of NIH History Students will use this passage to get an understanding of who Mendel was and how his research contributed to inheritance. bit.ly/NIH-Gregor-Mendel

Directions for creating pool noodle models that can be adapted for use in this learning experience can be found in the NSTA publication The Science Teacher and accessed through this link: bit.ly/chromonoodles Disorder Detectives — HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology Available from ASIM P3DisDet or purchase from Carolina Biological Supply Given a case study, students arrange a set of patient chromosome decals on a prepared board into a karyotype. They then analyze the karyotype and diagnose their patient. bit.ly/AMSTI-ASIM Karyotyping Activity — The Biology Project, University of Arizona Simulated human karyotyping using digital images of chromosomes. Students arrange chromosomes into completed karyotypes and interpret their findings. bit.ly/biology-project-karyotyping

mutations and chromosomal

mutations. Errors in meiosis cause chro- mosomal mutations

such as trisomies and trans- locations. Small scale errors, such as point mutations, can occur at any point but can be passed to offspring by meiosis.

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