2023 Range & Pasture - Weed ID Guide

Updated in 2023 for GrazonPD3

RANGE & PASTURE WEED ID GUIDE

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Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Table of Contents Introduction Corteva Agriscience ™ Range & Pasture Portfolio............... 6-8 Introduction............................................................................... 9 Before and After Weed Control.............................................10 Annual Weeds Bitter Sneezeweed *T* .............................................................. 11 Broomweed, Annual................................................................12 Buffalo Bur *T* ........................................................................... 13 Camphorweed.......................................................................... 14 Carolina False Dandelion........................................................15 Chickweed, Common..............................................................16 Cocklebur, Common *T* ........................................................... 17 Croton, Woolly or Goatweed, Doveweed.............................18 Cutleaf Evening Primrose.......................................................19 Fleabane.................................................................................... 20 Geranium, Carolina..................................................................21 Henbit........................................................................................ 22 Horsemint or Bee Balm...........................................................23 Horseweed or Marestail..........................................................24 Kochia........................................................................................ 25 Lambsquarters, Common *T* . ................................................ 26 Mayweed: Scentless and Stinking........................................27 Marijuana *T* . ............................................................................ 28 Marshelder or Sumpweed, Sulphurweed.............................29 Mint, Perilla *T* .......................................................................... 30 Mustard, Hedge.......................................................................31 Mustard, Wild............................................................................32 Partridge Pea............................................................................33 Pigweed, Spiny Amaranth......................................................34 Prickly Lettuce..........................................................................35 Ragweed: Common and Giant...............................................36 Ragweed: Lanceleaf................................................................37 Sida, Prickly..............................................................................38 Smartweed, Pennsylvania and Tufted..................................39 Snow-on-the-Mountain *T* ...................................................... 40 *T* These plants are known to be toxic to certain classes of livestock. Toxic effects can range from loss of vigor to death. Seek guidance from local specialists for more information.

Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Table of Contents

Sowthistle, Annual and Prickly..............................................41 Annual Weeds (con’t) Spanish Needles......................................................................42 Starthistle, Yellow....................................................................43 Vetch.......................................................................................... 44 Western Bitterweed *T* or Bitter Rubberweed.....................45 Biennial & Perennial Weeds General Treatment and Application Guidelines..................46 Bedstraw................................................................................... 47 Broom Snakeweed..................................................................48 Bull Nettle..................................................................................49 Burdock, Common...................................................................50 Buttercup, Tall *T* ..................................................................... 51 Caraway, Wild...........................................................................52 Chicory...................................................................................... 53 Crownvetch............................................................................... 54 Curlycup Gumweed.................................................................55 Dock, Curly...............................................................................56 Dogbane, Hemp *T* .................................................................. 57 Dogfennel.................................................................................. 58 Stinging Nettle..........................................................................59 Goldenrod................................................................................. 60 Hemlock, Poison *T* ................................................................. 61 Hogweed, Giant *T* . ................................................................. 62 Horsenettle *T* : Carolina and Western..................................63 Ironweed: Tall and Western....................................................64 Houndstongue.......................................................................... 65 Knapweed: Brown and Spotted.............................................66 Knapweed: Russian.................................................................67 Locoweeds *T* : Woolly and Crazyweed................................68 Mullein, Common.....................................................................69 Nightshade, Silverleaf *T* ........................................................ 70 Oxeye Daisy..............................................................................71 Parsnip, Wild *T* ........................................................................ 72 Plantain: Broadleaf and Buckthorn.......................................73 *T* These plants are known to be toxic to certain classes of livestock. Toxic effects can range from loss of vigor to death. Seek guidance from local specialists for more information.

Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Table of Contents

Biennial & Perennial Weeds (con’t) Pokeweed, Common/Pokeberry *T* ....................................... 74 Ragweed, Western...................................................................75 Rush Skeletonweed.................................................................76 Sericea Lespedeza..................................................................77 Sowthistle, Perennial...............................................................78 Spiny Aster, Wolfweed............................................................79 Spurge, Leafy *T* ...................................................................... 80 Sweetclover, White or Yellow *T* . ........................................... 81 Teasel......................................................................................... 82 Thistle, Canada........................................................................83 Thistle, Scotch..........................................................................84 Thistle: Bull, Musk, Plumeless..........................................85- 86 Threadleaf Groundsel.............................................................87 Toadflax Dalmation .................................................................. 88 Tropical Soda Apple................................................................89 Vervain: Blue and Hoary.........................................................90 Wild Carrot or Queen Anne’s Lace.......................................91 Whitetop or Hoary Cress........................................................92 Wingstem.................................................................................. 93 Wormwood, Absinthe..............................................................94 *T* These plants are known to be toxic to certain classes of livestock. Toxic effects can range from loss of vigor to death. Seek guidance from local specialists for more information.

Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Corteva Agriscience™ Range & Pasture Portfolio

Range & Pasture Improvement Pasture. It’s your lowest-cost feed source.

Grow a pound of weeds, lose a pound of grass. Control a pound of weeds, gain a pound or more of usable forage. Pasture experts say it really is that simple. While a pound of grass may not sound like much, those pounds can add up, usually doubling to tripling forage in trials. Annual and perennial weeds choke forage production, restrict grazing, cut carrying capacity, restrict wildlife habitat and reduce forage yields and quality. When these weeds show up, grass and ultimately beef production, suffer. This is especially true in the case of noxious weeds— the value of the land itself can plummet, and that’s why managing noxious weeds is a must. Although mechanical control methods may temporarily appear to do the job, they are labor-intensive and costly. Often these methods don’t get to the root of the problem and may actually compound the problem. Products in the Corteva Range & Pasture portfolio can help you meet your weed challenges so you can grow the best pastures and maximize your profit potential. The most extensive pasture weed control available. Featuring the first new active ingredient for pastures and rangeland in nearly 15 years, DuraCor ® herbicide brings livestock producers and land managers the broadest- spectrum broadleaf weed control available for their grazing acres—one that’s loaded with benefits. While controlling more than 140 weeds, DuraCor herbicide stops weeds that are up and growing, while providing residual control of those that germinate later. That keeps pastures clean, forage grasses growing and cattle gaining. DuraCor herbicide has flexible application options including broadcast by ground or by air, spot treatments and the ability to mix with liquid fertilizer or impregnate on dry fertilizer in select states. This all makes DuraCor the easy choice for pasture weed control. Low use rates, a low-odor formulation and no grazing restrictions add to the convenience factor. 6

Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Corteva Agriscience™ Range & Pasture Portfolio

Making pasture improvement easy. GrazonNext ® HL herbicide is an easy way to get broadleaf weeds out of the way of pasture production. It provides a simple, lasting solution for tough pasture and rangeland weeds.

Specialized broad-spectrum weed, brush and grass management. Chaparral ™ herbicide is the simple answer for several significant, unique needs, like reducing the impact of toxic fescue through seedhead suppression and improving hay quality by removing Pensacola bahiagrass from bermudagrass.

The standard in pricklypear control. With MezaVue ® herbicide, pricklypear shows faster symptomology, delivering the piece-of-mind benefit that the herbicide is working. Faster control means native grasses can respond sooner getting land back into production.

Broad spectrum residual herbicide. Containing 2,4-D Choline and Picloram, GrazonPD3 ™ is backed by trusted and proven active ingredients, providing peace of mind.

Unrivaled flexibility. Milestone ® herbicide is the most flexible herbicide available for rangelands. It provides superior, yet selective, control of many noxious and invasive weeds.

Pasture weed and brush control with a single product. PastureGard ® HL herbicide gives ranchers one flexible product that takes out broadleaf weeds and brush.

Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Corteva Agriscience™ Range & Pasture Portfolio

Simply the best choice against brush. Remedy ® Ultra herbicide provides convenient, flexible, long-lasting control of more than 35 brush species.

The standard in mesquite control. Sendero ® herbicide offers greater than 15% better control and more consistency than old standards. Sendero does not harm grasses and many desirable brush species. Controlling mesquite with Sendero results in increased grass production and improved wildlife habitat. Spike ® 20P

Premium, long-term brush control. Spike ® 20 P herbicide provides premium, long-term control of the toughest brush species.

Best choice for broad spectrum brush control in fence lines. Gentle to desirable grasses while controlling a broad spectrum of weeds. The best choice for kochia control.

All-purpose noxious weed control. Tordon ® 22K herbicide provides all-purpose noxious weed control as well as basic invasive weed management.

Range & Pasture WEED ID GUIDE Introduction

Corteva Agriscience ™ compiled this weed guide to serve as a handy resource. It offers photographs and detailed descriptions of the annual and perennial weeds you most likely will encounter. The guide also provides treatment strategies that include application and rate information for the products that can help get the job done. If during your range and pasture improvement efforts you run into a weed not listed in this guide, visit RangeAndPasture. com , contact your ag retailer or contact your local Corteva Range & Pasture Specialist. To find your Range & Pasture Specialist visit www.rangeandpasture.com/rep. This guide does not stand in place of the product label so always refer to the product label before treating.

Annual Weeds

BITTER SNEEZEWEED *T* Helenium badium and H. amarum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Summer annual with purplish, branching stems from 4 to 24 inches tall. Leaves are small, threadlike and numerous. Yellow flower heads have a domelike center. Plant has a pungent odor and a bitter taste. Often found in wastelands and unimproved pastures.

Annual Weeds

BROOMWEED, ANNUAL Amphiachyris dracunculoides Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Tough woody stems 15 to 30 inches tall branch near top to form crown. Strong taproot, but most feeder rotos are close to surface. Small needlelike leaves and tiny bright yellow flowers. Reproduces by seed.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Treat prior to blooming. Use lower rate

when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.

Annual Weeds

BUFFALO BUR *T* Solanum rostratum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Erect, spiny branches with long-lobed leaves and yellow flowers grow to 2 feet tall. Leaves are 2 to 5 inches long, alternate, deeply lobed and spiny on the underside with prominent veins. Yellow flowers have five lobes and measure 1 inch wide. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre prior to bud stage. Early applications are recommended when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.

Annual Weeds

CAMPHORWEED Heterotheca subaxillaris Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Erect, annual aromatic, rarely overwintering, growing from 1 to 3 feet tall. Lower leaves have short stems. Upper leaves are attached to stems in a clasping manner. Bright yellow daisy-like flowers have darker yellow centers. Smells like camphor when crushed.

Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Apply during active growth.

Annual Weeds

CAROLINA FALSE DANDELION Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Life Cycle: Annual/Biennial Plant Description:

A winter annual or biennial weed common in disturbed pastures and fields. Hairy leaves are deeply lobed and form

a basal rosette with a taproot. Flower stalk may have branches that end with bright yellow flowers that appear in the spring and summer. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre.

Annual Weeds

CHICKWEED, COMMON Stellaria media Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A winter annual plant with oval or elliptical outlined leaves. Leaves are light green in color and are typically smooth but may be hairy near the base. Flowers form in clusters and consist of five white petals that are deeply lobed.

Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Apply any time in the fall after germination through late winter. Use lower rate when weeds are small, and increase rate as season progresses until senescence.

Annual Weeds

COCKLEBUR, COMMON *T* Xanthium strumarium Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: Erect, taprooted annual, normally bushy, 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves are alternate, triangular, toothed, or lobed and rough. 2 female flowers are enclosed in each oval burr. Male flowers in cluster on short stalks. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre. For non-residual weed control, apply 1 to 1.5 pints of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.

Annual Weeds

CROTON, WOOLLY or GOATWEED, DOVEWEED Croton texensis Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Several annual species. Erect or ascending stems. Usually covered with dense whitish or rust-colored hairs. Leaves alternate and are stemmed with serrated edges. Flowers are inconspicuous, usually clustered at branch tips. Seeds are smooth, somewhat turtle shaped. Flourishes

only in Southern summer heat, pastures and water areas. Generally increases in abundance under overstocking conditions. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.2 to 1.5 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Use higher rate on 10 to 12 inch tall, mature weeds with adequate leaf surface.

Annual Weeds

CUTLEAF EVENING PRIMROSE Oenothera laciniata Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Herbaceous plant that can reach 28 inches in height. Branched stem is often reclining. Leaves are alternate, and leaf is toothed or lobed. Blooms in late spring into early fall, with pale yellow or pink flowers.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and under conditions favorable for growth.

Annual Weeds

FLEABANE Erigeron annuus

Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Annual plant up to 3½ feet tall, branching occasionally in the upper half

to form flower stems. Leaves toward base are 3 to 5 inches long with larger petioles. Small clusters of daisy-like flowers appear toward the apex of the plant. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and conditions are favorable for plant growth.

Annual Weeds

GERANIUM, CAROLINA Geranium carolinianum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Often a winter annual but sometimes a biennial. Leaves are hairy on both surfaces with various divided sections and bluntly toothed margins.

The flowers are found at the tips of stems and range in color from white to pink with 5 petals. The seeds have a distinctive elongated beak which gives the plant its nickname cranesbill. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre. Flowers in April and May, so to obtain the best results, apply early in the growing season or in the fall to rosettes.

Annual Weeds

HENBIT Lamium amplexicaule Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A winter annual with square stems and pink-purple flowers, reaching 16 inches in height. Leaves reach 5 inches

in length and are circular to heart- shaped with rounded teeth on the edges. Flowers occur in whorls in the upper leaves and are fused into a tube approximately 2/3 inch long. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre any time in the fall after germination through late winter. Use lower rate when weeds are small, and increase rate as season progresses until senescence.

Annual Weeds

HORSEMINT or BEE BALM Monarda citriodora Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Pubescent, simple alternate leaves; tubular flowers, whorls in one to six successive heads. Blooms in spring through summer, blossom colors range from almost white to a deep purple. DuraCor ® herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Use lower rate in early season up to 3 buttons. Efficacy may decrease after this stage. Increase rate as season progresses until senescence.

Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of

Annual Weeds

HORSEWEED or MARESTAIL Conyza canadensis Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A tall growing winter or summer annual. Stem usually has short bristly white

hairs. Its many leaves are alternate and lance-shaped. Blooms June to August with numerous tiny, inconspicuous flowers. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre.

Annual Weeds

KOCHIA Brasia scoparia

Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

An erect, profusely branched annual. Leaves are 1 to 2 inches long, green, narrow, lanced-shaped and alternate. This plant can break loose and tumble with the wind to spread seeds.

Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre, 1.5 to 2 pints of Surmount ® herbicide per acre, or 1.5 to 2.1 pints per acre of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre, to emerged actively growing plants. Kochia must be emerged and past the button stage prior to treatment.

Annual Weeds

LAMBSQUARTERS, COMMON *T* Chenopodium album Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: An erect summer annual that can reach 3 feet or more is characterized by a silvery coating on young leaves. Under certain conditions, this weed produces oxalates that can increase to levels toxic to livestock. Treating early will provide control before livestock can graze. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Treat when weeds are small and actively growing.

Annual Weeds

MAYWEED: SCENTLESS and STINKING Tripleurospermum perforata and Anthemis cotula Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: Scentless: Plants can be very bushy and have an extensive, fibrous root system. Stems are erect, growing up to 3½ feet tall. Leaves are alternate and divided into short segments (carrot-like) and are scentless when crushed. Flowers are composed of a yellow central disk surrounded by white petals. Stinking: Stems are low and bushy-

branched, ranging from 4 to 24 inches tall and are finely hairy just below the flower heads. Flower heads are daisy-like. When crushed, all parts of the plant give off an offensive odor. herbicide per acre (scentless and stinking, respectively). Use lower rates when seeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.

Treatment: 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

Annual Weeds

MARIJUANA *T* Cannabis sativa L.

Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

An erect, very tall summer annual also known as ditchweed. This plant has palm shaped compound leaves with 5 to 9 leaflets. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. The stems are rough to the touch and can exude a sap with a distinctive smell.

Annual Weeds

MARSHELDER or SUMPWEED, SULPHURWEED Iva annua Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: Robust, branching stems with greenish- white flowers at the top grow 2 to 10 feet tall. Leaves grow opposite one another with long petioles. Flowers are stalkless and crowded on long, branching spikes at the tops of stems with rough (sandpaper) texture. Treatment: 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide

per acre on plants less than 4 inches tall. Taller, more mature plants require 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor herbicide per acre with 1% MSO per volume of water used. Once the plant branches, do not treat.

Annual Weeds

MINT, PERILLA *T* Perilla frutescens

Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description: An erect perennial with green to purplish-green leaves with toothed leaf margins. It has distinctive mint odor and leaves help in the identification of perilla mint. This plant is extremely toxic to all kinds of cattle, sheep and horses. Often animals will avoid perilla mint until other forage is limited. Also, once treated with an herbicide, the palatability is more appealing to animals. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Herbicide application may increase palatability of certain

poisonous plants. DO NOT allow livestock to graze treated areas until poisonous plants are dry and no longer palatable to livestock.

Annual Weeds

MUSTARD, HEDGE Sisymbrium officinale and Sisymbrium altissimum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: A winter annual or biennial that emerges in the fall. A rosette is formed in the fall with deeply lobed leaves that resemble the basal leaves of a mature plan. The

stem of a mature plant elongates in the spring and is singular, erect, and profusely branched, giving the plant a very bushy appearance.Yellow flowers emerge in the spring. Seeds persist in long narrow seedpods (siliques) that give an appearance of barbed wire in early summer. herbicide per acre or a combination of 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide + 16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre when plants are in the rosette stage (fall to early spring).

Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2 ounces of Chaparral ™

Annual Weeds

MUSTARD, WILD Sinapis arvensis aka Brassica kaber Life Cycle: Annual/biennial Plant Description:

A winter annual or biennial that emerges in the fall. The lower egg-shaped leaves occur as a rosette in the fall. As the stem elongates in the spring the upper leaves become progressively smaller. Yellow flowers emerge in the early spring. herbicide per acre or a combination of 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide +16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre when plants are in the rosette stage (fall to early spring).

Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2 ounces of Chaparral ™

Annual Weeds

PARTRIDGE PEA Cassia fasciculata Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Smooth or hairy annual that ranges from 1 to 3 feet tall. Leaves have a distinct gland midway along the stalk and are compound. Each leaf has 12 to 36 linear leaflets, which are a ½ inch long.

Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and conditions are favorable for plant growth.

Annual Weeds

PIGWEED, SPINY AMARANTH Amaranthus spinosus Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Stems erect, rough, textured. Grows to 6 feet tall. Leaves alternate and are dull green on long stems. Small green flowers are in dense spikes at stem tips and upper leaf axils. Each flower is surrounded by three shiny bracts. Seeds are small and shiny black. Smooth pigweed is similar but with shorter leaf stems and a smoother plant texture.

Annual Weeds

PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca serriola Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

Annual weed with prickly leaves that emits a milky sap when cut. Leaves are arranged alternately on the stem between 2 to14 inches long. Flowers are approximately ½ inch wide and are composed of 5 to 12 yellow toothed petals. DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Use lower rate for preemergence. Use higher rate when weeds are actively growing and conditions are favorable for growth.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of

Annual Weeds

RAGWEED: COMMON and GIANT Ambrosia artermisiifolia L. and Ambrosia bidentada Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: An erect, branching summer annual. 1 to 4 feet tall, has many lobed leaves. Flowers in late summer producing large amounts of wind-dispersed pollen.

Treatment: Apply 12 to16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide or 1.2 to1.5 pints of

GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.

Annual Weeds

RAGWEED: LANCELEAF RAGWEED Ambrosia bidentada Life Cycle: Annual Plant Erect, warm-season annual in the sunflower family that can grow up to 3.5 feet tall.

Native to North America, it is usually found in pastures, rights-of-way, and roadsides particularly in the wetter areas of these sites. Opposite leaves at the base and alternate elsewhere up the stem. Leaves are hairy, lanceolate, and triangular in shape, commonly with a single tooth on each side at the base. Stems also have rough or hairy upper portions with hairless areas near the

base. Non-showy flowers and clustered, cap-like seedheads resemble that of other ragweeds. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre + 0.5 lb ae per acre, 2,4-D amine or 32 fluid ounces of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre.

Annual Weeds

SIDA, PRICKLY Sida spinosa Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A summer annual with yellow flowers and very small spines at the base of each hairy leaf and branch. Leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, approximately 1 to 2 inches long. Generally found in disturbed areas of high traffic or over grazing. Treatment: Suppression of growth only. Apply 12 to 16

fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Contact local specialist for more information.

Annual Weeds

SMARTWEED, PENNSYLVANIA and TUFTED Polygonum pensylvanicum and Polyonum caespitosum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A summer annual weed that may reach 3½ feet in height. Leaves are elongated and often have a purple spotted “lady’s thumbprint” in the middle. Stems are branched and reddish. Pink or white flowers are small and clustered in terminal spikes at the ends of stems.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of

DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.

Annual Weeds

SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN *T* Euphorbia marginata Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

An erect annual native plant from Minnesota to Colorado and Texas. Ovate to oblong light green leaves, 1 to 3

inches long, ranging from 2 to 4 feet in height. Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre (with 1% MSO) or 3 pints of Surmount ® herbicide per acre.

Apply when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase the rate as the season progresses and plants become more mature.

Annual Weeds

SOWTHISTLE, ANNUAL and PRICKLY Sonchus oleraceus and Sonchus asper Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: A summer annual with yellow flowers and very weak spines at the tip of the irregular toothed leaves. The tall bluish-green stems secrete a milky sap when cut. Flower heads mature into white, fluffy seed heads, although not ball-shaped like in dandelion. Generally found in disturbed areas of high traffic or over grazing. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre.

Annual Weeds

SPANISH NEEDLES Bidens bipinnata Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A summer annual with leaves that are arranged opposite and are finely dissected. Yellow flowers emerge in late summer on long stalks that can reach 5 feet in height. This plant produces linear shaped needle-like seeds (with 2-4 short awns at its tip) that cling to fur and clothing to spread.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre.

Apply when weeds are actively growing.

Annual Weeds

STARTHISTLE, YELLOW Centaurea solstitialis Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

An annual (occasionally biennial) weed, yellow starthistle forms a rosette in the fall. However, seedlings also can emerge in the spring. Plants elongate in the spring and summer with multiple flowering stalks. The stems are winged and branched. The grayish-green stems and leaves are covered with wooly hair. Flowers are bright yellow with a base of

spines 1/4 to 2 inches long. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply at the rosette through bolting stages when soil moisture is adequate to support plant growths. Use higher rate when weeds are larger.

Annual Weeds

VETCH Vicia sativa

Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A climbing, trailing summer annual. Leaves are compound with lance- shaped, pointed leaflets. Flowers are bluish violet. This plant produces a pod that can be 2 to 3 inches long.

Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply to vegetative stage prior to bloom.

Annual Weeds

WESTERN BITTERWEED *T or Bitter Rubberweed Hymenoxys odorata or H. richardsonni Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:

A poisonous bushy annual weed that forms a dome shaped clump. Daisy like yellow flowers have yellow centers. Grows up to 1 foot in height. Leaves are aromatic when crushed. Thrives in standing or temporary water after a wet winter. A weed of overgrazed plains.

Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Spray prior to bloom in spring when weeds are 4 to 6 inches and there is adequate moisture.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

General Treatment and Application Guidelines

Treatment recommendations are provided with most of the weeds listed in this guide. Since pastures typically contain a mix of weeds, here is a good general recommendation for broad-spectrum control of most biennial and perennial weeds: • Treat when weeds are actively growing. Apply the labeled rate of product in enough water to give a total spray volume of 15 to 20 gallons per acre. When a rate range is provided, use the lower rate early in the season. The higher rate will produce more consistent results as plants mature — bolted thistles, for example — plus provide maximum residual control. • Applications made during drought stress or other conditions preventing active growth may not provide acceptable control. • To provide more complete wetting of the foliage, use the recommended rate of an agricultural surfactant. Using

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

BEDSTRAW, SMOOTH and CATCHWEED Galium mollugo or Galium aparine Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Perennial with square stems and whorls of 6 to 8 leaves. Leaves are without hair, and flowers form in clusters on a stalk between the stem and leaves. Often a weed found in hayfields or other areas that are mowed. Treatment: Apply 12 to16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre. Apply any time during active growth (spring through fall) with adequate time after mowing.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

BROOM SNAKEWEED Gutierrezia sarothrae Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Perennial warm-season plant reproducing by seeds and root systems. Most toxic during leaf formation. Woody in nature, rarely growing above 18 inches. Stems grow new from the crown each year, not from old regrowth. Leaves are narrow with smooth edges. Small, round, inconspicuous yellow-ray flowers appear from July to September.

Treatment: Apply 3 ounces of Chaparral ™ herbicide per acre or 1 pint of Tordon ® 22K

herbicide per acre. Applications should be made in the fall at full bloom. Spring applications will provide suppression only.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

BULL NETTLE Cnidoscolus texanus

Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Usually 1½ to 3 feet high with several stems. If any part of the stem is broken, a milky sap appears. Leaves are 2 to 4 inches long with stinging hairs. Flowers consist of 5 to 7 white, petal-like sepals. DuraCor ® herbicide per acre + 16 fluid ounces of 2,4-D amine or 2 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre at blooming. Spray in the summer after plants are in full bloom and leaves fully developed. Spraying too early may require repeat applications for control.

Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

BURDOCK, COMMON Arctium minus Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:

A biennial that produces a rosette of large leaves in the first year and a branched stem with multiple burrs during the second year. Rosette leaves are broadly heart-shaped, 6 to 18 inches long, with wavy and toothed margins. Flowers occur in clusters at the ends of branches and are purple to lavender, occasionally white. Flowers dry to a burr with hooked bracts that can be confused with a thistle.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply in the spring and early summer to rosette or bolting plants or in the fall to seedlings and rosettes before ground is frozen.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

BUTTERCUP, TALL *T* Ranunculus acris Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Up to 3 feet in height with hairy, deeply lobed leaves divided into 3 to 5 segments. Flowers are glossy yellow and are ¾ inch in diameter with a greenish center.

Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre or GrazonNext ® HL herbicide at 1.5 to 2.1 pints per acre. Use the lower rate when weeds are shorter than 6 inches tall and actively growing. Increase rate as plants become more mature, when weed foliage is tall and dense or when growing conditions are less than favorable or for longer residual control.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

CARAWAY, WILD Carum carvi

Life Cycle: Biennial/Perennial Plant Description:

Mature plants are 1 to 3 feet tall and have 1 or more shoots emerging from a single taproot. First year rosettes can be identified by their carrot-like leaves and slender tuber. Mature plants have hollow stems and produce small, white or pink flowers in umbrella-like clusters.

Treatment: Apply 12 to16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre.

Best control is achieved when applied to rosettes or newly bolting plants.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

CHICORY Cichorium intybus

Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Chicory is a perennial that resembles dandelion when in the rosette stage. Rough, basal leaves 2 to 10 inches long form a rosette. 1 to 3 flowers– usually blue, but sometimes purple and occasionally white — form in axils of upper leaves. Fruits can be weakly angled or ribbed, tipped by a crown of minute scales.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply low rate to the rosette stage. Use higher rate on larger plants prior to flower.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

CROWNVETCH Securigera varia L.

Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Perennial legume with dark green and pinnately compound leaves usually with 15 ovate-oblong leaflets. Coarse, strong, branched stems that are 2 to 6 feet long

and upright to trailing. Pinkish-white to deep pink flowers in long-stalked clusters. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Apply when

weeds are actively growing and under conditions favorable for growth. Use higher rate in the rate range when growing conditions are less than favorable, when weed foliage is tall and dense or when residual control is desired.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

CURLYCUP GUMWEED Grindelia squarrosa Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:

Erect biennial or short-lived perennial 1 to 3 feet tall with pale branches.

Branches topped with bright yellow flowers supported by cups with small, sticky, curved bracts. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor herbicide. The addition of 16 fluid

ounces or more of 2,4-D amine per acre will increase the speed of activity. 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre may also be applied. Apply to new growth and seedlings that have fully emerged but before bloom stage. Use lower rate when weeds are small and higher rate on larger plants.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

DOCK, CURLY Rumex crispus

Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Perennial, reproducing by seeds only. Fleshy taproot somewhat branched, yellowish orange. Stems smooth with swollen notes, erect, 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves are dark green, alternate, smooth and simple with crimped edges. Small green flowers are without petals, turn dark reddish brown at maturity and cluster in whorls at top of stem.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Use higher

rate on larger plants but prior to bolting.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

DOGBANE, HEMP *T* Apocynum cannabinum Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

A perennial with opposite leaves that secrete a white milky sap when leaves or stem are broken. Ovate or elliptical leaves are green and smooth on the upper surface with a prominent white midvein. Often found in colonies due to spread by rhizomes and regrowth after mowing. A weed often found in hayfields. DuraCor ® herbicide per acre + 16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide. For non-residual weed control, apply 1.5 pints per acre of PastureGard HL herbicide alone. Apply in late spring to early summer when plants are actively growing. Before treating, allow time for plant recovery after cutting.

Treatment: Tank mix 12 to 16 fluid ounces of

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

DOGFENNEL Eupatorium capillifolium Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

A tall growing perennial with finely dissected leaves. Lower leaves are opposite (others alternate) and mostly ¾ to 4 inches long. Tall stems are erect and branched in the upper part of the plant. Flower heads green to bronze and numerous in a branched panicle. GrazonNext ® HL herbicide when less than 12 inches tall. Tank mix 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre + 8 to12 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre for large dogfennel. For non-residual weed control, apply 1.2 to 1.5 pints of PastureGard HL per acre to plants as tall as 48 inches.

Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2.1 pints per acre of

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

STINGING NETTLE Urtica dioica Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

A perennial tall growing weed that causes skin irritation when contacted. The hairs and spines on the leaves and stems give a burning or stinging sensation. Egg shaped leaves with toothed margins are arranged opposite on the stem. Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Apply during

vegetative stage prior to bloom. For non- residual weed control, apply 1.5 pints per acre of PastureGard ® HL herbicide.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

GOLDENROD Solidago spp.

Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Tall, green-stemmed plant with yellow- ray and-disk flowers. Thick, rigid stems can be single or clustered. Flowers emerge in late summer. DuraCor ® herbicide per acre + 16 to 32 fluid ounces of 2,4-D amine (4 pounds per gallon) or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Treat when plants are 12 inches or taller but prior to flowering.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

HEMLOCK, POISON *T* Conium maculatum Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:

An erect very tall growing biennial. Primarily a weed of pastures and roadsides. This weed is poisonous to cattle, swine, poultry, horses, goats and sheep that consume it. Stems are erect and branching. Much of the stem is hollow,

and distinctly purple-spotted. Clusters of large white flowers emerge in early summer. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Treat early in the spring when plants are in the rosette stage for best control.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

HOGWEED, GIANT *T* Heracleum mantegazzianum Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

An erect very tall growing perennial. Deeply cut leaves can be as much as five feet wide. Produces a flowering stalk 10 to 15 feet tall with large clusters of tiny white flowers 2½ feet across. Stalks reach 2 inches in diameter and are

hollow with purple mottling. Contact with the sap in the presence of sunlight can produce painful, burning blisters. Treatment: Management of giant hogweed requires careful handling and appropriate

personal protective equipment. Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre. Treat early in the spring when plants are in the rosette stage for best control.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

HORSENETTLE *T* : CAROLINA and WESTERN Solanum carolinense and S. dimidiatum Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Stems erect, loosely branched, covered with gray hairs and yellow spines. Grow to 2 feet tall. Leaves are dark green, oval, pointed at tip, sharply lobed or wavy- toothed. Clusters of

white to purple flowers look like tomato flowers. Bloom May to October when yellow-orange berries form. Berries are poisonous. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Spray when plants begin to flower in the early summer.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

IRONWEED: TALL & WESTERN Vernonia gigantea and Vernonia baldwinii Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Clump-forming perennial herbs with erect stems 2 to 4 feet tall. Reproduce by rhizomes and seed. Long, lance- shaped leaves are sharply toothed with short hairs on lower surface. Reddish- purple flowers are arranged along slender branches at top of plant.

Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ® herbicide per acre before flowering, during vegetative stage (starting when plants are about 10 inches in height) prior to bloom. Use higher rate in range when weeds are larger.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

HOUNDSTONGUE Cynoglossum officinale Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:

The rosette leaves resemble a houndstongue and emerge from a

thick, dark, woody taproot. Flowers are reddish-purple and form on stalks that can be up to 4 feet tall. Seed spreads long distance by attaching to the hide of grazing animals and wildlife. Treatment: Apply Chaparral ™ herbicide to rosettes in

spring, increasing the application rate to 3.3 ounces per acre at bolting to early- bud growth stage. Tank mix 1 quart of 2,4-D amine to Chaparral herbicide at 3.3 oz/A after the bud stage, to reduce flowering and seed production.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

KNAPWEED: BROWN and SPOTTED Centaurea stoebeand L. and Centaurea jacea Life Cycle: Biennial/Perennial Plant Description: 22 different knapweed (Centaurea spp) species are well established in the United States. Spotted (biennial) and brown (perennial) knapweed overlap in distribution and share similar characteristics. Spotted spreads by seed, but brown knapweed can also spread from root crowns. Seedlings emerge during the growing season to form rosettes. Rosettes send up a flowering stalk in the summer. Spotted knapweed has leaves divided into lobes while brown knapweed leaves are lance shaped. Treatment: Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre during vegetative plant stage in both the spring and fall.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

KNAPWEED: RUSSIAN Acroptilon repens Life Cycle: Biennial/Perennial Plant Description:

Herbaceous perennial, toxic to horses specifically. It reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds. Shoots, or stems, are erect, 18 to 36 inches tall, with many branches. Lower leaves are 2 to 4 inches long and deeply lobed. Upper leaves are smaller, generally with smooth margins, but can be slightly lobed. Shoots and leaves are covered with dense gray hairs. Flowers can be pink, lavender or white.

Russian knapweed has vertical and horizontal roots that have a brown to black, scaly appearance, especially apparent near the crown. Russian knapweed is toxic to horses. Treatment: Apply 12 to16 fluid ounces of DuraCor ®

herbicide per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre or apply Milestone ® herbicide at 5 to 7 fluid ounce per acre, to plants in the spring and summer. Apply to plants from early bud to flowering stage and to dormant plants in the fall.

Biennial & Perennial Weeds

LOCOWEEDS: WOOLLY & CRAZYWEED *T* Astragalus spp and Oxytropis spp Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:

Tufted plant covered with silvery hairs. Poisonous to all livestock species. Leafless stalks emerge from the center of low-growing basal leaves, holding flowers 4 to 16 inches high. Flowers resemble sweet peas and may be blue, purple, yellow or white. GrazonPD3 ™ herbicide or 2.0 pints per acre of Surmount ® herbicide + 0.5 % surfactant per acre or 1.5 to 2.1 pints per acre of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide. Apply when plants are approaching maximum vegetative growth but before flowers open. Herbicide application may increase palatability of certain poisonous plants. Do not allow livestock to graze treated areas until poisonous plants are dry and no longer palatable to livestock.

Treatment: Apply 2.0 to 2.66 pints per acre of

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