RANGE & PASTURE Western Rangeland Weed & Brush ID GUIDE
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Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Table of Contents Introduction
Corteva Agriscience ™ Range & Pasture Portfolio…………6-8 Introduction............................................................................... 9 Before and After Weed Control.............................................10 Annual Weeds Bitter Sneezeweed *T* .............................................................. 11 Broomweed, Annual................................................................12 Buffalo Bur *T* ........................................................................... 13 Chickweed, Common..............................................................14 Cocklebur, Common *T* ........................................................... 15 Croton, Woolly or Goatweed, Doveweed.............................16 Cutleaf Evening Primrose.......................................................17 Fleabane.................................................................................... 18 Geranium, Carolina..................................................................19 Henbit........................................................................................ 20 Horseweed or Marestail..........................................................21 Kochia........................................................................................ 22 Lambsquarters, Common *T* . ................................................ 23 Mayweed: Scentless and Stinking........................................24 Hemp *T* . ................................................................................... 25 Marshelder or Sumpweed, Sulphurweed.............................26 Mustard, Hedge.......................................................................27 Mustard, Wild............................................................................28 Pigweed, Spiny Amaranth......................................................29 Prickly Lettuce..........................................................................30 Ragweed: Common and Giant...............................................31 Ragweed: Lanceleaf................................................................32 Sida, Prickly..............................................................................33 Smartweed, Pennsylvania and Tufted..................................34 Snow-on-the-Mountain *T* ...................................................... 35 Sowthistle, Annual and Prickly..............................................36 Starthistle, Yellow....................................................................37 Vetch.......................................................................................... 38 Western Bitterweed *T* or Bitter Rubberweed.....................39 Biennial & Perennial Weeds *T* These plants are known to be toxic to certain classes of livestock. Toxic effects can range from loss of vigor to death. Seek guidance from local specialists for more information.
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Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Table of Contents
General Treatment and Application Guidelines..................40 Bedstraw................................................................................... 41 Broom Snakeweed..................................................................42 Bull Nettle..................................................................................43 Burdock, Common...................................................................44 Buttercup, Tall *T* ..................................................................... 45 Caraway, Wild...........................................................................46 Chicory...................................................................................... 47 Crownvetch............................................................................... 48 Curlycup Gumweed.................................................................49 Dock, Curly...............................................................................50 Dogbane, Hemp *T* .................................................................. 51 Dogfennel.................................................................................. 52 Stinging Nettle..........................................................................53 Goldenrod................................................................................. 54 Hemlock, Poison *T* ................................................................. 55 Hogweed, Giant *T* . ................................................................. 56 Horsenettle *T* : Carolina and Western..................................57 Ironweed: Tall and Western....................................................58 Houndstongue.......................................................................... 59 Knapweed: Brown and Spotted.............................................60 Knapweed: Russian.................................................................61 Locoweeds *T* : Woolly and Crazyweed................................62 Mullein, Common.....................................................................63 Nightshade, Silverleaf *T* ........................................................ 64 Oxeye Daisy..............................................................................65 Parsnip, Wild *T* ........................................................................ 66 Plantain: Broadleaf and Buckthorn.......................................67 Ragweed, Western...................................................................68 Rush Skeletonweed.................................................................69 Sericea Lespedeza..................................................................70 Sowthistle, Perennial...............................................................71 Spurge, Leafy *T* ...................................................................... 72 Sweetclover, White or Yellow *T* . ........................................... 73
*T* These plants are known to be toxic to certain classes of livestock. Toxic effects can range from loss of vigor to death. Seek guidance from local specialists for more information.
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Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Table of Contents
Biennial & Perennial Weeds (con’t) Teasel......................................................................................... 74 Thistle, Canada........................................................................75 Thistle, Scotch..........................................................................76 Thistle: Bull, Musk, Plumeless..........................................77-78 Threadleaf Groundsel.............................................................79 Toadflax Dalmation .................................................................. 80 Vervain: Blue and Hoary.........................................................81 Wild Carrot or Queen Anne’s Lace.......................................82 Whitetop or Hoary Cress........................................................83 Wingstem.................................................................................. 84 Wormwood, Absinthe..............................................................85 Yarrow, Common......................................................................86 Brush Fringed Sagebrush..................................................................87 Russian Olive............................................................................88 Salt Cedar.................................................................................89 Big Sagebrush..........................................................................90 Willows....................................................................................... 91 Yucca......................................................................................... 92 Rabbit Brush.............................................................................93 Greasewood. ............................................................................ 94 Buckbrush................................................................................. 95 Plains Prickly Pear...................................................................96
*T* These plants are known to be toxic to certain classes of livestock. Toxic effects can range from loss of vigor to death. Seek guidance from local specialists for more information.
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Range & Pasture Improvement Pasture. It’s your lowest-cost feed source. Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Corteva Agriscience™ Range & Pasture Portfolio
Grow a pound of weeds, lose a pound of grass. Control a pound of weeds, gain a pound or more of usable forage. Pasture experts say it really is that simple. While a pound of grass may not sound like much, those pounds can add up, usually doubling to tripling forage in trials. Annual and perennial weeds choke forage production, restrict grazing, cut carrying capacity, restrict wildlife habitat and reduce forage yields and quality. When these weeds show up, grass and ultimately beef production, suffer. This is especially true in the case of noxious weeds— the value of the land itself can plummet, and that’s why managing noxious weeds is a must. Although mechanical control methods may temporarily appear to do the job, they are labor-intensive and costly. Often these methods don’t get to the root of the problem and may actually compound the problem. Products in the Corteva Range & Pasture portfolio can help you meet your weed challenges so you can grow the best pastures and maximize your profit potential. The most extensive rangeland weed control available. The new standard in rangeland herbicides because it offers an unmatched combination of weed control spectrum, safety on desirable grasses and forbs, and use site flexibility. While controlling more than 140 weeds, HighNoon ® herbicide stops weeds that are up and growing, while providing residual control of those that germinate later. HighNoon herbicide has flexible application options including broadcast by ground or by air, and spot treatments. Low use rates, a low-odor formulation and no grazing restrictions add to the convenience factor. This all makes HighNoon the easy choice for weed control.
Specialized broad-spectrum weed, brush and grass management. Chaparral ™ herbicide is the simple answer for several significant, unique needs, like reducing the impact of toxic fescue through seedhead suppression and improving hay quality by removing Pensacola bahiagrass from bermudagrass.
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Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Corteva Agriscience™ Range & Pasture Portfolio
Revolutionary 2,4-D formulation. Revolutionizing the 2,4-D market by providing the performance and reliability you’ve come to depend upon with remarkably lower odor and volatility. Freelexx ® herbicide is a selective, post-emergent broadleaf weed herbicide every land manager could use in the tank. • 4lb 2,4-D choline formulation
Reclaim ground lost to leafy spurge. GrazonPD3 ™ herbicide controls leafy spurge allowing habitat and forage production to flourish more.
Unrivaled flexibility. Continuing to elevate the foundation for rangeland and pasture weed control, Milestone ® herbicide provides superior, yet selective, control of many noxious and invasive weeds.
Pasture weed and brush control with a single product. PastureGard ® HL herbicide is a non-restricted use, low odor herbicide that offers broad spectrum brush and non-residual weed control.
Best choice for broad spectrum brush control in fence lines. Gentle to desirable grasses while controlling a broad spectrum of weeds. The best choice for Kochia control.
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Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Corteva Agriscience™ Range & Pasture Portfolio
Spike ® 20P
Premium, long-term brush control. Spike ® 20P herbicide provides premium, long-term control of the toughest brush species, including big sage, shinnery and other oaks, tarbush and creosote bush, while enhancing the grazing and wildlife habitat. Spike ® 80DF Total vegetation control. Spike ® 80DF specialty herbicide provides total vegetation control in a convenient dry- flowable formulation, offering season-long performance for bareground sites.
The all-purpose noxious weed & brush control. Tordon ® 22k herbicide is best paired with HighNoon ® herbicide for hard to control noxious weeds like Leafy Spurge and Dalmatian Toadflax or as a stand-alone herbicide for Prickly Pear and Field Bindweed control.
High-load formulation, excellent kochia control. The premium non-residual herbicide option for post- emergent control on Kochia, including ALS resistant Kochia, with the shortest plant back interval for newly seeded grasses. *Approved for Use on Lands the BLM Administers Herbicides formulations approved for use on lands the BLM administers in the 17 Western States **Approved for use on lands the BLM and National Forest Service administers
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Western Rangeland - WEED & BRUSH ID GUIDE Introduction
Corteva Agriscience ™ compiled this weed guide to serve as a handy resource. It offers photographs and detailed descriptions of the annual and perennial weeds you most likely will encounter. The guide also provides treatment strategies that include application and rate information for the products that can help get the job done. If during your range and pasture improvement efforts you run into a weed not listed in this guide, visit RangeAndPasture.com , contact your ag retailer or contact your local Corteva Range & Pasture Specialist. To find your Range & Pasture Specialist visit www.rangeandpasture.com/rep. This guide does not stand in place of the product label so always refer to the product label before treating.
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Annual Weeds
BITTER SNEEZEWEED *T* Helenium badium and H. amarum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Summer annual with purplish, branching stems from 4 to 24 inches tall. Leaves are small, threadlike and numerous. Yellow flower heads have a domelike center. Plant has a pungent odor and a bitter taste. Often found in wastelands and unimproved pastures.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide to actively growing plants in the spring. Increase rate as season progresses and plants mature.
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Annual Weeds
BROOMWEED, ANNUAL Amphiachyris dracunculoides Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Tough woody stems 15 to 30 inches tall branch near top to form crown. Strong taproot, but most feeder rotos are close to surface. Small needlelike leaves and tiny bright yellow flowers. Reproduces by seed. herbicide per acre. Treat prior to blooming. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
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Annual Weeds
BUFFALO BUR *T* Solanum rostratum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Erect, spiny branches with long-lobed leaves and yellow flowers grow to 2 feet tall. Leaves are 2 to 5 inches long, alternate, deeply lobed and spiny on the underside with prominent veins. Yellow flowers have five lobes and measure 1 inch wide. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre prior to bud stage. Early applications are recommended when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Annual Weeds
CHICKWEED, COMMON Stellaria media Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A winter annual plant with oval or elliptical outlined leaves. Leaves are light green in color and are typically smooth but may be hairy near the base. Flowers form in clusters and consist of five white petals that are deeply lobed. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply any time in the fall after germination through late winter. Use lower rate when weeds are small and increase rate as season progresses until senescence.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Annual Weeds
COCKLEBUR, COMMON *T* Xanthium strumarium Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: Erect, taprooted annual, normally bushy, 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves are alternate, triangular, toothed, or lobed and rough. 2 female flowers are enclosed in each oval burr. Male flowers in cluster on short stalks. Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. For non-residual weed control, apply 1 to 1.5 pints of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
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Annual Weeds
CROTON, WOOLLY or GOATWEED, DOVEWEED Croton texensis Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Several annual species. Erect or ascending stems. Usually covered with dense whitish or rust-colored hairs. Leaves alternate and are stemmed with serrated edges. Flowers are inconspicuous, usually clustered at branch tips. Seeds are smooth, somewhat turtle shaped. Flourishes
only in Southern summer heat, pastures and water areas. Generally, increases in abundance under overstocking conditions. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Use higher rate on 10-to-12 inch tall, mature weeds with adequate leaf surface.
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Annual Weeds
CUTLEAF EVENING PRIMROSE Oenothera laciniata Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Herbaceous plant that can reach 28 inches in height. Branched stem is often reclining. Leaves are alternate, and leaf is toothed or lobed. Blooms in late spring into early fall, with pale yellow or pink flowers.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and under conditions favorable for growth.
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Annual Weeds
FLEABANE Erigeron annuus
Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Annual plant up to 3½ feet tall, branching occasionally in the upper half
to form flower stems. Leaves toward base are 3 to 5 inches long with larger petioles. Small clusters of daisy-like flowers appear toward the apex of the plant. Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and conditions are favorable for plant growth.
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Annual Weeds
GERANIUM, CAROLINA Geranium carolinianum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Often a winter annual but sometimes a biennial. Leaves are hairy on both surfaces with various divided sections and bluntly toothed margins. The flowers are found at the tips of stems and range in color from white to pink with 5 petals. The seeds have a distinctive elongated beak which gives the plant its nickname cranesbill. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Flowers in April and May, so to obtain the best results, apply early in the growing season or in the fall to rosettes.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Annual Weeds
HENBIT Lamium amplexicaule Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A winter annual with square stems and pink-purple flowers, reaching 16 inches in height. Leaves reach 5 inches in length and are circular to heart- shaped with rounded teeth on the edges. Flowers occur in whorls in the upper leaves and are fused into a tube approximately 2/3 inch long. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre any time in the fall after germination through late winter. Use lower rate when weeds are small and increase rate as season progresses until senescence.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Annual Weeds
HORSEWEED or MARESTAIL Conyza canadensis Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A tall growing winter or summer annual. Stem usually has short bristly white hairs. Its many leaves are alternate
and lance shaped. Blooms June to August with numerous tiny, inconspicuous flowers. Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre.
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Annual Weeds
KOCHIA Brasia scoparia
Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
An erect, profusely branched annual. Leaves are 1 to 2 inches long, green, narrow, lanced shaped, and alternate. This plant can break loose and tumble with the wind to spread seeds.
Treatment: Apply 12 fluid ounces per acre of Vista ® XRT herbicide + 1% volume/volume Methylated Seed Oil on small plants. Increase rate to 13-23 fluid ounces per acre for larger plants.
Apply 2-2.5 pints per acre of Surmount ® herbicide on plants less than 18 inches tall.
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Annual Weeds
LAMBSQUARTERS, COMMON *T* Chenopodium album Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
An erect summer annual that can reach 3 feet or more is characterized by a silvery coating on young leaves. Under certain conditions, this weed produces oxalates that can increase to levels toxic to livestock. Treating early will provide control before livestock can graze.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Treat when weeds are small and actively growing.
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Annual Weeds
MAYWEED: SCENTLESS and STINKING Tripleurospermum perforata and Anthemis cotula Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: Scentless: Plants can be very bushy and have an extensive, fibrous root system. Stems are erect, growing up to 3½ feet tall. Leaves are alternate and divided into short segments (carrot-like) and are scentless when crushed. Flowers are composed of a yellow central disk surrounded by white petals. Stinking: Stems are low and bushy-
branched, ranging from 4 to 24 inches tall and are finely hairy just below the flower heads. Flower heads are daisy-like. When crushed, all parts of the plant give off an offensive odor. herbicide per acre (scentless and stinking, respectively). Use lower rates when seeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
Treatment: 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
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Annual Weeds
HEMP *T* Cannabis sativa L.
Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
An erect, very tall summer annual also known as ditchweed. This plant has palm shaped compound leaves with 5 to 9 leaflets. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. The stems are rough to the touch and can exude a sap with a distinctive smell.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide to actively growing plants in spring to early summer. Increase rate as season progresses and plants mature.
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Annual Weeds
MARSHELDER or SUMPWEED, SULPHURWEED Iva annua Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: Robust, branching stems with greenish- white flowers at the top grow 2 to 10 feet tall. Leaves grow opposite one another with long petioles. Flowers are stalkless and crowded on long, branching spikes at the tops of stems with rough (sandpaper) texture. Treatment: 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide
per acre on plants less than 4 inches tall. Taller, more mature plants require 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon herbicide per acre with 1% MSO per volume of water used. Once the plant branches, do not treat.
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Annual Weeds
MUSTARD, HEDGE Sisymbrium officinale and Sisymbrium altissimum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: A winter annual or biennial that emerges in the fall. A rosette is formed in the fall with deeply lobed leaves that resemble the basal leaves of a mature plan. The stem of a mature plant elongates in the spring and is singular, erect, and profusely branched, giving the plant a very bushy appearance. Yellow flowers emerge in the spring. Seeds persist in long narrow seedpods (siliques) that give an appearance of barbed wire in early summer. Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2 ounces of Chaparral ™
herbicide per acre or a combination of 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide + 16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre when plants are in the rosette stage (fall to early spring).
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Annual Weeds
MUSTARD, WILD Sinapis arvensis aka Brassica kaber Life Cycle: Annual/biennial Plant Description:
A winter annual or biennial that emerges in the fall. The lower egg-shaped leaves occur as a rosette in the fall. As the stem elongates in the spring the upper leaves become progressively smaller. Yellow flowers emerge in the early spring. herbicide per acre or a combination of 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide +16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre when plants are in the rosette stage (fall to early spring).
Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2 ounces of Chaparral ™
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Annual Weeds
PIGWEED, SPINY AMARANTH Amaranthus spinosus Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Stems erect, rough, textured. Grows to 6 feet tall. Leaves alternate and are dull green on long stems. Small green flowers are in dense spikes at stem tips and upper leaf axils. Each flower is surrounded by three shiny bracts. Seeds are small and shiny black. Smooth pigweed is similar but with shorter leaf stems and a smoother plant texture.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre when all weeds emerge. Use 16 to 20 fluid ounces for mature plants.
Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
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Annual Weeds
PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca serriola Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Annual weed with prickly leaves that emits a milky sap when cut. Leaves are arranged alternately on the stem between 2 to14 inches long. Flowers are approximately ½ inch wide and are composed of 5 to 12 yellow toothed petals. Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Use lower rate for preemergence. Use higher rate when weeds are actively growing, and conditions are favorable for growth.
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Annual Weeds
RAGWEED: COMMON and GIANT Ambrosia artermisiifolia L. and Ambrosia bidentada Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: An erect, branching summer annual. 1 to 4 feet tall, has many lobed leaves. Flowers in late summer producing large amounts of wind-dispersed pollen.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
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Annual Weeds
RAGWEED: LANCELEAF RAGWEED Ambrosia bidentada Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
Erect, warm-season annual in the sunflower family that can grow up to 3.5 feet tall. Native to North America, it is usually found in pastures, rights-of-way, and roadsides particularly in the wetter areas of these sites. Opposite leaves at the base and alternate elsewhere up the stem. Leaves are hairy, lanceolate, and triangular in
shape, commonly with a single tooth on each side at the base. Stems also have rough or hairy upper portions with hairless areas near the base. Non-showy flowers and clustered, cap-like seedheads resemble that of other ragweeds. Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre + 0.5 lb ae per acre, Freelexx ® herbicide.
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Annual Weeds
SIDA, PRICKLY Sida spinosa Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A summer annual with yellow flowers and very small spines at the base of each hairy leaf and branch. Leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, approximately 1 to 2 inches long. Generally found in disturbed areas of high traffic or over grazing.
Treatment: Suppression of growth only.
Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Contact local specialist for more information.
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Annual Weeds
SMARTWEED, PENNSYLVANIA and TUFTED Polygonum pensylvanicum and Polyonum caespitosum Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A summer annual weed that may reach 3½ feet in height. Leaves are elongated and often have a purple spotted “lady’s thumbprint” in the middle. Stems are branched and reddish. Pink or white flowers are small and clustered in terminal spikes at the ends of stems.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of
HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Increase rate as season progresses and plants become more mature.
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Annual Weeds
SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN *T* Euphorbia marginata Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
An erect annual native plant from Minnesota to Colorado and Texas. Ovate to oblong light green leaves, 1 to 3 inches long, ranging from 2 to 4 feet in height. Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction. (with 1% MSO) or 3 pints of Surmount ® herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are small and actively growing. Increase the rate as the season progresses and plants become more mature.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre
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Annual Weeds
SOWTHISTLE, ANNUAL and PRICKLY Sonchus oleraceus and Sonchus asper Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description: A summer annual with yellow flowers and very weak spines at the tip of the irregular toothed leaves. The tall bluish-green stems secrete a milky sap when cut. Flower heads mature into white, fluffy seed heads, although not ball-shaped like in dandelion. Generally found in disturbed areas of high traffic or over grazing.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre.
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Annual Weeds
STARTHISTLE, YELLOW Centaurea solstitialis Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
An annual (occasionally biennial) weed, yellow starthistle forms a rosette in the fall. However, seedlings also can emerge in the spring. Plants elongate in the spring and summer with multiple flowering stalks. The stems are winged and branched. The grayish-green stems and leaves are covered with woolly hair. Flowers are bright yellow with a base of spines 1/4 to 2 inches long. Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply at the
rosette through bolting stages when soil moisture is adequate to support plant growths. Use higher rate when weeds are larger.
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Annual Weeds
VETCH Vicia sativa
Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A climbing, trailing summer annual. Leaves are compound with lance- shaped, pointed leaflets. Flowers are bluish violet. This plant produces a pod that can be 2 to 3 inches long.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply to vegetative stage prior to bloom.
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Annual Weeds
WESTERN BITTERWEED *T or Bitter Rubberweed Hymenoxys odorata or H. richardsonni Life Cycle: Annual Plant Description:
A poisonous bushy annual weed that forms a dome shaped clump. Daisy like yellow flowers have yellow centers. Grows up to 1 foot in height. Leaves are aromatic when crushed. Thrives in standing or temporary water after a wet winter. A weed of overgrazed plains.
Treatment: Apply 1.5 to 2.1 pints of GrazonNext ® HL herbicide per acre. Spray prior to bloom in spring when weeds are 4 to 6 inches and there is adequate moisture.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
General Treatment and Application Guidelines
Treatment recommendations are provided with most of the weeds listed in this guide. Since pastures typically contain a mix of weeds, here is a good general recommendation for broad-spectrum control of most biennial and perennial weeds: • Treat when weeds are actively growing. Apply the labeled rate of product in enough water to give a total spray volume of 15 to 20 gallons per acre. When a rate range is provided, use the lower rate early in the season. The higher rate will produce more consistent results as plants mature — bolted thistles, for example — plus provide maximum residual control. • Applications made during drought stress or other conditions preventing active growth may not provide acceptable control. • To provide more complete wetting of the foliage, use the recommended rate of an agricultural surfactant. Using a drift control additive for drift reduction and improved deposition is strongly recommended.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
BEDSTRAW, SMOOTH and CATCHWEED Galium mollugo or Galium aparine Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Perennial with square stems and whorls of 6 to 8 leaves. Leaves are without hair, and flowers form in clusters on a stalk between the stem and leaves. Often a weed found in hayfields or other areas that are mowed.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Apply any time during active growth (spring through fall) with adequate time after mowing.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
BROOM SNAKEWEED Gutierrezia sarothrae Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Perennial warm-season plant reproducing by seeds and root systems. Most toxic during leaf formation. Woody in nature, rarely growing above 18 inches. Stems grow new from the crown each year, not from old regrowth. Leaves are narrow with smooth edges. Small, round, inconspicuous yellow-ray flowers appear from July to September.
Treatment: Apply 3 ounces of Chaparral ™ herbicide per acre or 1 pint of Tordon ® 22K herbicide per acre. Applications should
be made in the fall at full bloom. Spring applications will provide suppression only.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
BULL NETTLE Cnidoscolus texanus
Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Usually, 1½ to 3 feet high with several stems. If any part of the stem is broken, a milky sap appears. Leaves are 2 to 4 inches long with stinging hairs. Flowers consist of 5 to 7 white, petal-like sepals. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre + 16 fluid ounces of Freelexx ® herbicide at blooming. Spray in the summer after plants are in full bloom and leaves fully developed. Spraying too early may require repeat applications for control.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
BURDOCK, COMMON Arctium minus Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:
A biennial that produces a rosette of large leaves in the first year and a branched stem with multiple burrs during the second year. Rosette leaves are broadly heart-shaped, 6 to 18 inches long, with wavy and toothed margins. Flowers occur in clusters at the ends of branches and are purple to lavender, occasionally white. Flowers dry to a burr with hooked bracts that can be confused with a thistle. herbicide per acre. Apply in the spring and early summer to rosette or bolting plants or in the fall to seedlings and rosettes before ground is frozen.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
BUTTERCUP, TALL *T* Ranunculus acris Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Up to 3 feet in height with hairy, deeply lobed leaves divided into 3 to 5 segments. Flowers are glossy yellow and are ¾ inch in diameter with a greenish center.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Use the lower rate when weeds are shorter than 6 inches tall and actively growing. Increase rate as
plants become more mature, when weed foliage is tall and dense or when growing conditions are less than favorable or for longer residual control.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
CARAWAY, WILD Carum carvi
Life Cycle: Biennial/Perennial Plant Description:
Mature plants are 1 to 3 feet tall and have 1 or more shoots emerging from a single taproot. First year rosettes can be identified by their carrot-like leaves and slender tuber. Mature plants have hollow stems and produce small, white or pink flowers in umbrella-like clusters.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Best control is achieved when applied to rosettes or newly bolting plants.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
CHICORY Cichorium intybus
Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Chicory is a perennial that resembles dandelion when in the rosette stage. Rough, basal leaves 2 to 10 inches long form a rosette. 1 to 3 flowers– usually blue, but sometimes purple and occasionally white — form in axils of upper leaves. Fruits can be weakly angled or ribbed, tipped by a crown of minute scales.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Apply low rate to the rosette stage. Use higher rate on larger plants prior to flower.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
CROWNVETCH Securigera varia L.
Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Perennial legume with dark green and pinnately compound leaves usually with 15 ovate-oblong leaflets. Coarse, strong, branched stems that are 2 to 6 feet long and upright to trailing. Pinkish- white to deep pink flowers in long- stalked clusters. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and under conditions favorable for growth. Use higher rate in the rate range when growing conditions are less than favorable, when weed foliage is tall and dense or when residual control is desired.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
CURLYCUP GUMWEED Grindelia squarrosa Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:
Erect biennial or short-lived perennial 1 to 3 feet tall with pale branches. Branches topped with bright yellow flowers supported by cups with small, sticky, curved bracts. HighNoon ® herbicide. The addition of 16 fluid ounces or more of Freelexx ® herbicide per acre will increase the speed of activity. Apply to new growth and seedlings that have fully emerged but before bloom stage. Use lower rate when weeds are small and higher rate on larger plants.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
DOCK, CURLY Rumex crispus
Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Perennial, reproducing by seeds only. Fleshy taproot somewhat branched, yellowish orange. Stems smooth with swollen notes, erect, 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves are dark green, alternate, smooth and simple with crimped edges. Small green flowers are without petals, turn dark reddish brown at maturity and cluster in whorls at top of stem.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre. Use lower rate when weeds are small and actively growing. Use higher rate on larger plants but prior to bolting.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
DOGBANE, HEMP *T* Apocynum cannabinum Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
A perennial with opposite leaves that secrete a white milky sap when leaves or stem are broken. Ovate or elliptical leaves are green and smooth on the upper surface with a prominent white midvein. Often found in colonies due to spread by rhizomes and regrowth after mowing. A weed often found in hayfields. Treatment: Tank mix 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ®
herbicide per acre + 16 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide. For non- residual weed control, apply 1.5 pints per acre of PastureGard HL herbicide alone. Apply in late spring to early summer when plants are actively growing. Before treating, allow time for plant recovery after cutting.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
DOGFENNEL Eupatorium capillifolium Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
A tall growing perennial with finely dissected leaves. Lower leaves are opposite (others alternate) and mostly ¾ to 4 inches long. Tall stems are erect and branched in the upper part of the plant. Flower heads green to bronze and numerous in a branched panicle.
Treatment: Tank mix 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre + 8 to12 fluid ounces of PastureGard ® HL herbicide per acre for large dogfennel. For non-residual weed control, apply 1.2 to 1.5 pints of PastureGard HL per acre to plants as tall as 48 inches.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
STINGING NETTLE Urtica dioica Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
A perennial tall growing weed that causes skin irritation when contacted. The hairs and spines on the leaves and stems give a burning or stinging sensation. Egg shaped leaves with toothed margins are arranged opposite on the stem.
Treatment: For non-residual weed control, apply 1.5 pints per acre of PastureGard ® HL herbicide.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
GOLDENROD Solidago spp.
Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description: Tall, green-stemmed plant with yellow- ray and-disk flowers. Thick, rigid stems can be single or clustered. Flowers emerge in late summer. Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre + 16 to 32 fluid ounces of Freelexx ® herbicide (4 pounds
per gallon). Treat when plants are 12 inches or taller but prior to flowering.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
HEMLOCK, POISON *T* Conium maculatum Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:
An erect very tall growing biennial. Primarily a weed of pastures and roadsides. This weed is poisonous to cattle, swine, poultry, horses, goats and sheep that consume it. Stems are erect and branching. Much of the stem is hollow, and distinctly purple-spotted. Clusters of large white flowers emerge in early summer.
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Treat early in the spring when plants are in the rosette stage for best control.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
HOGWEED, GIANT *T* Heracleum mantegazzianum Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
An erect very tall growing perennial. Deeply cut leaves can be as much as five feet wide. Produces a flowering stalk 10 to 15 feet tall with large clusters of tiny white flowers 2½ feet across. Stalks reach 2 inches in diameter and are
hollow with purple mottling. Contact with the sap in the presence of sunlight can produce painful, burning blisters. Treatment: Management of giant hogweed requires careful handling and appropriate
personal protective equipment. Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Treat early in the spring when plants are in the rosette stage for best control.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
HORSENETTLE *T* : CAROLINA and WESTERN Solanum carolinense and S. dimidiatum Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description: Stems erect, loosely branched,
covered with gray hairs and yellow spines. Grow to 2 feet tall. Leaves are dark green, oval, pointed at tip, sharply lobed or wavy- toothed. Clusters of white to purple flowers look like tomato flowers. Bloom May to October when yellow-orange berries form. Berries are poisonous.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Spray when plants begin to flower in the early summer.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
IRONWEED: TALL & WESTERN Vernonia gigantea and Vernonia baldwinii Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Clump-forming perennial herbs with erect stems 2 to 4 feet tall. Reproduce by rhizomes and seed. Long, lance- shaped leaves are sharply toothed with short hairs on lower surface. Reddish- purple flowers are arranged along slender branches at top of plant.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre before flowering, during vegetative stage (starting when plants are about 10 inches in height) prior to bloom. Use higher rate in range when weeds are larger.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
HOUNDSTONGUE Cynoglossum officinale Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:
The rosette leaves resemble a houndstongue and emerge from a
thick, dark, woody taproot. Flowers are reddish-purple and form on stalks that can be up to 4 feet tall. Seed spreads long distance by attaching to the hide of grazing animals and wildlife. Treatment: Apply Chaparral ™ herbicide to rosettes in
spring, increasing the application rate to 3.3 ounces per acre at bolting to early- bud growth stage. Tank mix 1 quart of Freelexx ® herbicide to Chaparral herbicide at 3.3 oz/A after the bud stage, to reduce flowering and seed production.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
KNAPWEED: BROWN and SPOTTED Centaurea stoebeand L. and Centaurea jacea Life Cycle: Biennial/Perennial Plant Description: 22 different knapweed (Centaurea spp) species are well established in the United States. Spotted (biennial) and brown (perennial) knapweed overlap in distribution and share similar
characteristics. Spotted spreads by seed, but brown knapweed can also spread from root crowns. Seedlings emerge during the growing season to form rosettes. Rosettes send up a flowering stalk in the summer. Spotted knapweed has leaves divided into lobes while brown knapweed leaves are lance shaped.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre during vegetative plant stage in both the spring and fall.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
KNAPWEED: RUSSIAN Acroptilon repens Life Cycle: Biennial/Perennial Plant Description:
Herbaceous perennial, toxic to horses specifically. It reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds. Shoots, or stems, are erect, 18 to 36 inches tall, with many branches. Lower leaves are 2 to 4 inches long and deeply lobed. Upper leaves are smaller, generally with smooth margins, but can be slightly lobed. Shoots and leaves are covered with dense gray hairs. Flowers can be pink, lavender or white. Russian knapweed has vertical and horizontal roots that have a brown to black, scaly appearance, especially apparent near the crown. Russian knapweed is toxic to horses.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre or apply Milestone ® herbicide at 5 to 7 fluid ounce per acre,
to plants in the spring and summer. Apply to plants from early bud to flowering stage and to dormant plants in the fall.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
LOCOWEEDS: WOOLLY & CRAZYWEED *T* Astragalus spp and Oxytropis spp Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Tufted plant covered with silvery hairs. Poisonous to all livestock species. Leafless stalks emerge from the center of low-growing basal leaves, holding flowers 4 to 16 inches high. Flowers resemble sweet peas and may be blue, purple, yellow or white.
Treatment: Apply 2.0 to 2.66 pints per acre of GrazonPD3 ™ herbicide or 2.0 pints per acre of Surmount ® herbicide + 0.5 % surfactant per acre. Apply when plants are approaching maximum vegetative
growth but before flowers open. Herbicide application may increase palatability of certain poisonous plants. Do not allow livestock to graze treated areas until poisonous plants are dry and no longer palatable to livestock.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
MULLEIN, COMMON Verbascum thapsus Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:
Biennial with thick, fuzzy leaves that form a rosette during the first year. Second year produces a single, stout, upright stem 2 to 6 feet tall. Light green, woolly leaves alternate and are overlapping. Long terminal spikes bear sulfur yellow, sessile flowers that are 5 lobed and more than 1 inch in diameter. 2 chambered fruit yields numerous, small, angular, brownish seeds. HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply in the rosette stage or up to 6-inch bolt. Ground Application: Apply HighNoon herbicide with a methylated seed oil (MSO) at 1% v/v (15 GPA or higher to optimize control). Aerial Application: Apply HighNoon herbicide at 20 fluid ounces per acre + Metsulfuron-methyl at ½ ounces per acre + methylated seed oil (MSO) at 1% v/v .
Treatment: Apply 16 to 20 fluid ounces of
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
NIGHTSHADE, SILVERLEAF *T* Solanum elaeagnifolium Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Foliage with gray or silvery appearance with violet, light blue or white flowers and 1 to 3 feet tall. Stems are sparsely covered with short yellow thorns. Leaves and stems have a dense silvery covering of hair.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre during bloom. Use higher rate in range when flowering or when weeds are larger. Re-treatment is necessary for total control.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
OXEYE DAISY Leucanthemum vulgare Life Cycle: Perennial Plant Description:
Grows 10 to 24 inches tall. Spreads by rhizomes and seeds. Leaves reduce in size upward on the stem. Basal and lower stem leaves are oblanceolate to narrowly obovate. Upper leaves are sessile and merely toothed. Single flowers form at the ends of branches. Fruits have about 10 ribs.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply to vegetative stage prior to bloom. Use higher rate when weeds are larger.
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Biennial & Perennial Weeds
Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso, Univ. CA — Davis
PARSNIP, WILD *T* Pastinaca sativa Life Cycle: Biennial Plant Description:
A biennial that forms a rosette of basal leaves in the first year that resemble celery. In the second year a hairy and grooved stem elongates with alternate leaves that are compound with course saw-tooth edges. Small yellow or white flowers form in an umbrella shape. The leaves can cause a painful rash. Skin sensitivity is greatest at flowering time.
Treatment: Apply 16 fluid ounces of HighNoon ® herbicide per acre. Apply to vegetative stage prior to bloom. Use higher rate when weeds are larger.
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