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Table-6 Examples of Hazardous Drug Exposure Based on Activity Activity Potential Opportunity of Exposure Receipt
Contacting HD residues present on drug containers, individual dosage units, outer containers, work surfaces, or floors
Dispensing
Counting or repackaging tablets and capsules Crushing or splitting tablets or opening capsules
Compounding and other manipulations
Pouring oral or topical liquids from one container to another Weighing or mixing components Constituting or reconstituting powdered or lyophilized HDs Withdrawing or diluting injectable HDs from parenteral containers Expelling air or HDs from syringes Contacting HD residue present on PPE or other garments Deactivated, decontaminated, cleaned, and disinfected areas contaminated with or believed to be contaminated with HDs Maintenance activities for potentially contaminated equipment and devices Piercing drug vial septa with needles or dispensing pins Withdrawal of needles or pins from drug vials Breaking open of ampules
Drug transfer using syringes and needles or dispensing pins Drug transfer from ampules using filtered needles or filter straws; Piercing injection ports of IV bags or bottles with needles to inject
Spiking delivery ports of HD-containing IV bags or bottles with the sharp spike of IV administration sets Removing air from the IV administration sets by running HD containing fluid through the set (i.e., prim- ing the line) Labeling of containers containing HDs.
Administration Generating aerosols during administration of HDs by various routes (e.g., injection, irrigation, oral, inhalation, or topical application Ingestion when foods or beverages are consumed in drug administration areas or by hand-to-mouth transfer of drug residue from HD contaminated surface Accidental injection from needle sticks or other sharps contaminated by HDs. Performing certain specialized procedures Priming an IV administration set Patient care activities Handling body fluids (e.g., urine, feces, sweat, or vomit) or body-fluid-contaminated clothing, dressings, linens, and other materials Spills Spill generation, management, and disposal Transport Moving HDs within a healthcare setting Waste Collecting and disposing of hazardous waste and trace contaminated waste Needle or sharps handling and disposal
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