Chapter 4 Habitats
its tributaries. There could also be a loss of barrier islands and wetlands as coastal areas are submerged by rising water elevation. Marsh islands provide shelter that protects SAV beds from wind and wave action during the growing season (NCDEQ 2021) . Warming trends pose a threat to Eelgrass because it is growing near its southern limits; however, studies suggest the decline in Eelgrass is offset by increases in shoal grass beds (NCDEQ 2021) . When water temperatures are above 25°C-30°C (77°F-86°F), Eelgrass does poorly. Eelgrass thrives only where water temperatures are lower (i.e., deeper areas and tidal flats with continuous water flow) (SAFMC 1998, NCDEQ 2021) . 4.2.14.4 Climate Change Compared to Other Threats Current research suggests that climate change and associated sea level rise will be a significant stressor in the region for the near future ( APNEP 2012 ). Comparing climate change to other ecosystem threats can help define short- and long-term conservation actions and recommendations. While climate change is a threat to estuarine aquatic communities, it is likely that a combination of synergistic effects with other ongoing threats will be the source of stress to this system to the point where several species are unable to persist. Table 4.2.14-1 provides a review of expected climate change impacts in order of importance in comparison with other types of threats.
Table 4.2.14-1. Climate change to other threats to estuarine aquatic communities. Threat Rank Order Comments
1 The weight and movement of bottom trawl fishing gear disturb bottom sediments, displace SAVs, and damage shell and hardbottom habitats. Mobile species may temporarily disperse, but cumulative impacts from repeated use of bottom trawl gear in the same areas can lead to long- term habitat loss. 1 Dredging disturbs and damages soft, shell, and hard bottoms and SAV beds, and suspends sediments that cause turbidity within the water column. Localized impacts may allow dispersal of mobile species, but long-term damage can occur to bottom habitats. 1 Pollution includes chemicals and toxins from point source discharges (e.g., industrial effluents and smoke stacks, stormwater discharges, wastewater treatment facilities) and nonpoint sources (e.g., roads, surface water runoff, marinas, boatyards). Aging infrastructure and rising sea levels are two challenges that must be addressed to reduce bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms from entering public waters through identified sources (APNEP 2012) .
Bottom Trawl Fishing Gear
Dredging
Pollution
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2025 NC Wildlife Action Plan
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