Personal Identification Techniques
CONTENTS
v What factors are involved in the process of identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 When might physical appearance serve as the primary means of identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 What challenges arise when relying solely on visualidentificationtechniques?.................................. 47 How can the limitations of physical appearance in identification beaddressed? ................................................ 47 What is an ordinary method of identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 What are the ordinary methods of identification of living persons that can easily be altered? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 What are the ordinary methods of identification of living and deceased persons that cannot be changed easily? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 How does light affect identification of persons? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Whatisgait? ................................................. 55 What is gait recognition? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 What are the factors that can affect gait pattern? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Why is gait pattern relevant in crime detection and investigation? . . . . . 56 How is gait pattern examined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 What are the applications of gait pattern analysis for personalidentification? ........................................ 58 Is gait pattern analysis admissible in court? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 What are the procedures in collecting information regarding the identityofaperson? ........................................... 59 What changes happen to the body after death that may affect identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 What is the anthropometry/Bertillon system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 When is identification required? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 What are the factors that affect identification of persons? . . . . . . . . . . . 33 What are the uses of personal identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 What is Republic Act No. 11055? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 How does the Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) function? . . . . . . 35 What are the objectives of Republic Act No. 11055? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 What is the requirement for proof of identity in courts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 What is the totality of the circumstance test? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 What are three types of unknown identity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 What are the principles of personal identification in relation to forensic science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 What are the rules of identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 What are the methods of identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 What are the methods of identification in forensic science? . . . . . . . . . . . 41 What are primary identifiers and secondary identifiers in forensic identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 How do secondary identifiers contribute to forensic identification?. . . . . 41 SuggestedActivities ................................................ 41 Practice Exercise .................................................. 42 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 LESSON 3 ORDINARY METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION 45 LessonOverview .................................................. 45 LearningOutcomes................................................. 46 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 What role did the Will West–William West case play in the decline oftheBertillonsystem?......................................... 64 What is the primary objective of forensic anthropometry? . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 What is the basis of the Bertillon system of identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 What are the divisions of anthropometry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Whatisosteometry?........................................... 66 How is osteometry applied? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 What is the significance of osteometry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 What is field identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 What are the key considerations in field identification?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 What is portrait parle and how does it work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................... xxiii Features .............................................................. xxv
iii What are the services provided by a crime laboratory? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 What are the skills expected of a forensic scientist?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 What is a qualified witness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Whatdotheylookat?.......................................... 19 Willtheyexpressanopinion?.................................... 20 WhatistheFryestandard?...................................... 20 What is the set of guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 WhatistheDaubertstandard?................................... 21 What guidelines did the U.S. Supreme Court provide for judges toevaluatescientificevidence? .................................. 21 How does a judge decide whether to admit relevant science and expert testimony according to the Daubert standard?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 How does the Daubert court address concerns about flimsy evidence?. . 22 WhatistheCSIEffect?.......................................... 22 Howdidtheterm“CSIEffect”originate?........................... 23 What are the potential issues associated with the CSI Effect?. . . . . . . . . . 23 How does the CSI Effect impact the criminal justice process? . . . . . . . . . . 23 Practice Exercises 1 ................................................. 24 Practice Exercise 2 ................................................. 27 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 LESSON 2 CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCE OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION ChapterOpener........................................................ 1 LESSON 1 HISTORY AND LEGAL APPLICATIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 3 LessonOverview .................................................. 3 LearningOutcomes................................................. 3 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 What is forensic science?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Wheredidthetermforensiccomefrom?.......................... 4 Whatisthescopeofforensicscience? ............................ 4 What is the distinction between criminalistics and forensic science? . . . . 4 Who is a criminalist? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 How did the field of forensic science evolve over the years? . . . . . . . . . . 5 Who are the notable contributors to the science offorensicexamination?........................................ 8 Whoareconsideredforensicexperts?............................. 9 What are the forms of forensic science competence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 What are the different areas of forensic sciences applied in the court of law? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Whatisacrimelaboratory? ..................................... 16
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
29
LessonOverview .................................................. 29 LearningOutcomes................................................. 30 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 What is identity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 What is forensic identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 What is the relevance of identification in terms of law? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2025 Higher Education Learning Solutions for the Criminal Justice Education Program 224 iv vi
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