Personal Identification Techniques
xi What role do type lines play in fingerprint analysis?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Can you provide an example illustrating the concept oftypelinesinfingerprintanalysis?............................... 209 What are the rules in type lines? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 What are focal points in fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Whatisadeltainfingerprintanalysis?............................. 210 Can you provide further explanation of the term “delta” asusedinfingerprintanalysis?................................... 211 How does the concept of “delta” in physical geography relate to its use in fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Whataretherulesindeltalocation?.............................. 212 What are the rules in core location? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 What is ridge counting and how is it conducted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Which fingerprint pattern is ridge counting is used for?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 What are the rules in the ridge counting of loops? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 What is a fingerprint minutia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Practice Exercises .................................................. 226 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 LESSON 3 REAL AND CHANCE FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS 231 LessonOverview .................................................. 231 LearningOutcomes................................................. 232 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 What are the different types of fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 What are plain arches in fingerprint patterns? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 What are tented arches in fingerprint patterns? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 What is a loop in fingerprint patterns?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 What are the different types of loops in fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 How are loops identified in fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 What is an accidental whorl in fingerprint patterns? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 What are the types of whorls? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 How is fingerprint identification performed in forensic analysis? . . . . . . . 206 Why is understanding the characteristics and formations of fingerprints important in forensic identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 What are some common terms associated with fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 What are some temporary phenomena that can affect fingerprints?. . . . 206 When do fingerprint ridges form during human development? . . . . . . . . 206 What is the significance of the pattern area in fingerprint interpretation and classification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 How is the pattern area defined for loops and whorls in fingerprint classification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Whatarethelayersoftheskin?.................................. 189 What are the dogmatic principles of fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 What are the applications of fingerprint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Practice Exercises .................................................. 193 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 LESSON 2 FINGERPRINT CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATIONS 200 LessonOverview .................................................. 200 LearningOutcomes................................................. 200 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 What are the fingerprint impression types? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Howdowerecordfingerprints?.................................. 231 What are the special circumstances and considerations in recording fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 What are the steps involved in applying fingerprint powder? . . . . . . . . . . 236 What is electrostatic deposition in fingerprinting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
xiii What are the limitations of the cyanoacrylate method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 What is the laser method for detecting fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 What are the advantages of the laser method for fingerprint detection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 What are the drawbacks of the laser method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Why is postmortem fingerprinting necessary in forensic investigations involving deceased victims? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 What are the challenges associated with postmortem fingerprinting compared to antemortem fingerprinting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 What are the requisites for conducting postmortem fingerprinting? . . . . 244 How does the stage of decomposition affect the postmortem fingerprinting process? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Why is it important to record multiple finger impressions duringpostmortemfingerprinting? ............................... 245 What are the techniques used for securing fingerprints during Stage 1, known as the recent death stage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 What is the purpose of visually inspecting the surface before applying fingerprint powder? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 What are regular powders used in fingerprinting composed of?. . . . . . . . 238 What are the advantages and disadvantages of metallic powders in fingerprinting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 What are some typical organic compounds used infingerprintpowders?......................................... 238 What are the advantages of using powder dusting for detecting latent fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 What is the iodine fuming technique for detecting latent fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 What are the experimental techniques for revealing latent fingerprintsusingiodinefuming?................................. 239 Are iodine-developed fingerprints permanent? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 What is the silver nitrate technique for detecting latent fingerprints? . . . 240 How does silver nitrate interact with perspiration residue toreveallatentfingerprints?..................................... 240 What is the procedure for applying silver nitrate to reveal latent fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 How can discoloration of the background be prevented inthesilvernitratetechnique?................................... 240 What is the ninhydrin method for detecting latent fingerprints? . . . . . . . 238 What is the process for applying the ninhydrin method toreveallatentfingerprints?..................................... 240 How is the visibility of the fingerprints enhanced after applying theninhydrinmethod? ......................................... 238 What are the advantages of the ninhydrin method for detecting latent fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 What are the drawbacks of the ninhydrin method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 What is the DFO method for detecting fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 How does the DFO method compare to the ninhydrin method for detecting latent fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 What is the cyanoacrylate method for detecting fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . 242 What are the advantages of the cyanoacrylate method for fingerprint detection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 What techniques are used for securing fingerprints during Stage 2, when the corpse is in the rigor mortis state? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 How are fingerprints retrieved from a corpse in a state ofdecompositionduringstage3? ................................ 246 Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Practice Exercise .................................................. 248 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 SummaryofKeyConcepts........................................... 252 Chapter Key Concept Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chapter Test ...................................................... 254 ChapterProject ................................................... 257 Industry/CareerinFocus ............................................ 259
2025 Higher Education Learning Solutions for the Criminal Justice Education Program 226 xii
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