Personal Identification Techniques
xvii What role do photo enhancements play in fingerprint evidence? . . . . . . . 301 Who must be qualified as an expert witness infingerprintrecognition?....................................... 301 Why are fingerprints considered one of the most reliable forms ofevidenceincriminalcases?.................................... 301 What factors are crucial for fingerprint evidence tobeadmittedintocourtproceedings?............................ 301 How is the authenticity of fingerprint evidence established in court? . . . 302 Why is it crucial to establish the reliability of fingerprint evidence in court proceedings?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 What is emphasized regarding fingerprint evidence’s accuracy and validity in court proceedings? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 What are the six distinct stages involved in presenting fingerprints as evidence in court proceedings? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 What precautions are taken during thefingerprintcollectionprocess?................................ 303 What role does the expert witness play in the presentation offingerprintevidenceduringatrial? ............................. 303 Who ultimately determines the admissibility of fingerprint evidence in court proceedings?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Why is presenting biometrics as evidence in court proceedings considered a complex procedure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 What are the needed exhibits for court presentation by a fingerprint examiner? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 How is fingerprint evidence presented in Court? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Practice Exercises .................................................. 309 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Why is it essential for a feature to persist on the source for a significant period between two touching occurrences for it to be considered important for analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 What is the purpose of report writing in forensic identification? . . . . . . . 299 How does a report writing template aid latent print examiners in forensic identification? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 What is the significance of fingerprint evidence in American courts for identifying perpetrators of crimes? . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 What criteria must fingerprint evidence meet to prove that thedefendantcommittedthecrime? ............................. 300 How is fingerprint evidence typically introduced in court? . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 What is the evaluation phase in ACE-V examination process? . . . . . . . . . . 292 What is identification under evaluation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 What is exclusion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 When do prints become inconclusive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 What is the stage of verification in the ACE-V methodology? . . . . . . . . . . 295 What are the different levels of detail in fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Who developed the concept of different levels of detail in fingerprints? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 WhatdoesLevel2detailentail?.................................. 296 How does Level 3 detail differ from Level 2 detail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 What is second-level detail in fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 What components are considered within second-level detail? . . . . . . . . . 297 What is the significance of ridge pathways insecond-leveldetailanalysis?................................... 297 How does second-level detail contribute to individualization in fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 What tools or techniques are used to examine second-level detail? . . . . 297 What are Level 3 details? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 What are the first, second, and third levels of detail in the context of features like creases, scars, and flaws infingerprintanalysis?.......................................... 298 How do second-level details differ from first-level details infingerprintanalysis?.......................................... 299
CHAPTER 4 FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION, EXAMINATION, AND OTHER FIELDS
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xv How does the process work for the NCIC fingerprintclassificationsystem?................................. 276 Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Practice Exercise .................................................. 278 Connections and Applications / Relevance of the Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 LESSON 2 ACE-V METHOD IN FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION 285 LessonOverview .................................................. 285 LearningOutcomes................................................. 285 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 ChapterOpener........................................................ 261 LESSON 1 FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION 262 LessonOverview .................................................. 262 LearningOutcomes................................................. 263 Lesson Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 What is the history of fingerprint as an identification system? . . . . . . . . . 264 What is fingerprint classification and why is it important?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 What role does fingerprint classification play inindividualidentification?...................................... 265 How does fingerprint classification contribute toforensicinvestigations?....................................... 265 What significance does fingerprint classification hold in the criminal justice system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 In what other areas is fingerprint classification utilized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 What is the primary classification and how is it performed? . . . . . . . . . . 266 What are the extensions to the primary classification system? . . . . . . . . 268 What is the sub-secondary classification system and how is it performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 What is the second sub-secondary classification system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 What is the final classification system and how is it performed? . . . . . . . 272 What is the major division and how is it performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 What is the key classification system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 What are the extensions of the classification system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 What is the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 What is the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) fingerprint classification system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 What does the acronym ACE-V stand for and what is its significance in forensic fingerprint analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 What is the first step in the ACE-V examination method and what does it involve? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 What is involved in the comparison stage of the ACE-V method? . . . . . . . 287 What is the purpose of the evaluation stage in the ACE-V examination method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 What is the final step in the ACE-V method and why is it important? . . . . 287 What is ACE-V and how is it used in forensic identification? . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Who coined the term ACE-V and what was its original purpose?. . . . . . . . 287 What were the key steps in the ACE methodology asdevelopedbyRoyHuber?..................................... 288 What was added to the ACE methodology by David Ashbaugh, andhowdiditchangetheapproach? ............................. 288 What is ACE-V, and how does it contribute to forensic identification? . . . 288 How does subjectivity and bias impact the forensic identificationexaminationprocess?............................... 288 What are some common errors encountered in the ACE-V process? . . . . 288 What are the steps in ACE-V method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 What is the analysis phase in ACE-V examination process? . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 What is the comparison phase in ACE-V examination process? . . . . . . . . . 289
2025 Higher Education Learning Solutions for the Criminal Justice Education Program 227
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