Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance vs. PrivilegedMitigatingCircumstance.............................. 212 Incomplete Justifying or Exempting Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 IncompleteSelf-Defense....................................... 214 Under Eighteen Years of Age (Minority) or Over Seventy Years . . . . . . . 219 No Intention to Commit So Grave a Wrong as That Committed ( Praeter Intentionem ) ............................... 223 Sufficient Provocation or Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Immediate Vindication of a Grave Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 PassionorObfuscation........................................ 235 Voluntary Surrender and Voluntary Confession of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Deaf and Dumb, Blind or Otherwise Suffering Some Physical Defect. . . 255 Illness of the Offender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Any Other Circumstances of a Similar Nature and Analogous Criminal Law 1 The Revised Penal Code (Book I) to Those Above-Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 True or False ................................................. 274 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER IV. Circumstances Which Aggravate Criminal Liability ............................... 280 Article 14. Aggravating circumstances ......................... 280 The List of Aggravating Circumstances Is Exclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Kinds of Aggravating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Advantage Be Taken by the Offender of His Public Position . . . . . . . . . . 285 In Contempt of or With Insult to the Public Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Rank, Age, or Sex, or Dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Abuse of Confidence or Obvious Ungratefulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 The Palace of the Chief Executive, or in His Presence, or Where Public Authorities Are Engaged in the Discharge of Their Duties or in a Place Dedicated to Religious Worship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Nighttime, Uninhabited Place, or by a Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Two Tests in Determining Nocturnity ............................ 321 Conflagration, Shipwreck, Earthquake, Epidemic, or Other CalamityorMisfortune........................................ 335 Aid of Armed Men or Persons Who Insure or Afford Impunity . . . . . . . . 336 Four Forms of Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 TheAccusedIsaRecidivist..................................... 342 Reiteracion or Habituality ...................................... 346 Recidivism or Reincidencia vs. Reiteracion ........................ 350 In Consideration of a Price, Promise, or Reward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
CHAPTER II. Justifying Circumstances and Circumstances
Which Exempt from Criminal Liability ............. 119 Article 11. Justifying circumstances ........................... 119 Rationale for the Shift of the Burden of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Self-Defense................................................. 121 What Is Unlawful Aggression? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Elements of Unlawful Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 TwoKindsofUnlawfulAggression............................... 123 Reasonable Necessity of the Means Employed to Prevent or Repel the Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 DoctrineofRationalEquivalence................................ 126 Lack of Sufficient Provocation on the Part of the Person DefendingHimself............................................ 132 Defense of a Relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Defense of a Stranger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Fulfillment of a Duty or in the Lawful Exercise of a Right or Office. . . . . 145 Obedience to an Order Issued by a Superior for Some Lawful Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Article 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability . . 150 Imbecile or an Insane Person ................................... 151 TestofCognition............................................. 163 TestofVolition............................................... 165 Accident.................................................... 169 Accident vs. Self-Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 CompulsionofanIrresistibleForce.............................. 176 ImpulseofanUncontrollableFear............................... 181 Prevented by Some Lawful or Insuperable Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Exempting Circumstance of Minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Discernment ................................................. 190 WhatIs“Information”......................................... 191 True or False ................................................. 201 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 CHAPTER III. Circumstances Which Mitigate Criminal Liability ............................... 211 Article 13. Mitigating circumstances .......................... 211 Rationale of Mitigating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance vs. PrivilegedMitigatingCircumstance.............................. 212 Incomplete Justifying or Exempting Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 IncompleteSelf-Defense....................................... 214 Under Eighteen Years of Age (Minority) or Over Seventy Years . . . . . . . 219 No Intention to Commit So Grave a Wrong as That Committed ( Praeter Intentionem ) ............................... 223 Sufficient Provocation or Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Immediate Vindication of a Grave Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 PassionorObfuscation........................................ 235 Voluntary Surrender and Voluntary Confession of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Deaf and Dumb, Blind or Otherwise Suffering Some Physical Defect. . . 255 Illness of the Offender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Any Other Circumstances of a Similar Nature and Analogous to Those Above-Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 True or False ................................................. 274 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER IV. Circumstances Which Aggravate Criminal Liability ............................... 280
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Inundation, Fire, Poison, Explosion, Stranding of a Vessel or Intentional Damage Thereto, Derailment of a Locomotive, or
by the Use of Any Other Artifice Involving Great Waste and Ruin . . . . . 356 Evident Premeditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Craft, Fraud, or Disguised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Advantage Be Taken of Superior Strength, or Means Be EmployedtoWeakentheDefense............................... 373 Treachery ................................................... 382 SpuroftheMomentCrime..................................... 388 Ignominy ................................................... 395 UnlawfulEntry............................................... 398 A Wall, Roof, Floor, Door, or Window Be Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Aid of Persons under Fifteen Years of Age, or by Means of Motor Vehicle, Motorized Watercraft, Airships, or Other Similar Means . . . . . 403 Cruelty ..................................................... 409 True or False ................................................. 418 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
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2025 Higher Education Learning Solutions for the Criminal Justice Education Program 252 Article 14. Aggravating circumstances ......................... 280 The List of Aggravating Circumstances Is Exclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Kinds of Aggravating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
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