Labor Relations and Negotiations
CONTENTS
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Constructive Dismissal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Due Process in Dismissing an Employee Based on Just Causes . . . . 29 Twin Notice Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Authorized Causes for Dismissal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Installation of Labor-Saving Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Retrenchment to Prevent Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Closing or Cessation of Operation of the Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Separation Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Remedies for Illegally Dismissed Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Reinstatement and Backwages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Manner of Reinstatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Computation of Backwages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Separation Pay in Lieu of Reinstatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Doctrine of Strained Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Amount of Separation Pay in Lieu of Reinstatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 IneffectualDismissal.......................................47 The National Labor Relations Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Qualifications of the Chairman, Members, and Labor Arbiters of the NLRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Powers of the Labor Arbiters and the NLRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Procedure for Assailing the Decisions of the NLRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chapter Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi Chapter 1 Introduction to the Field of Labor Relations ...................1 Constitutional and Statutory Bases of Labor Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Hiring and Firing of Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Management Prerogative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Employer-Employee Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Kinds of Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Regular Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Project Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Seasonal Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Casual Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fixed-TermEmployee......................................10 Probationary Period of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Illegal Dismissal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SecurityofTenure.........................................15 Burden of Proof That the Dismissal Is Legal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 How to Legally Dismiss an Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Just Causes for the Dismissal of an Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Serious Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Gross and Habitual Neglect by the Employee of His Duties . . . . . . . . 20 Fraud or Willful Breach of Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Commission of a Crime or Offense by the Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Other Analogous Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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2025 Higher Education Learning Solutions for the Business and Accountancy Program 35
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