75 78 79 82
Articulatory Phonetics
Consonants
Different Realizations of English Phonemes
Consonants in Minimal Pairs
83
Lesson 4 Suprasegmentals: The Secret Sounds of English and Their Role in English Prosody
Introduction to Linguistics
83 85 87
Prosody
Intonation and Variations in Pitch
Features of Connected Speech: Liaison, Elision, and Stress-Timing
207
Lesson 4 Gender-Neutral and Gender-Fair Language
Unit III THE MEANINGFUL UNITS OF LANGUAGE 100 Lesson 1
209 211 215
Prescriptive and Descriptive Linguistics Gender-Discriminatory Language Other Forms of Discriminatory Language
Morphology and Morphemes: The Minimal Units of Meaning
100 103 104 106
Descriptive and Prescriptive Approaches Intonational Meaning and Intonation Patterns
Unit V SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS, AND BEYOND: THE COMPLEXITY OF MEANING-MAKING 224 Lesson 1 Semantics: Meaning in Language 224 Semantics and de Saussure 226 Semiotics 227 Denotations and Connotations 227 Literal and Figurative Meanings 229 Lexical and Compositional Semantics 232 Synonymy, Antonymy, Polysemy, and Homophony 234 Lesson 2 Pragmatics: Meaning in Context 238 Speech Acts 240 Felicity Conditions, Preparatory Conditions, and Situation 242 Implicatures 243 Cooperative Principle and Maxims 245 Filipino Kapwa Mentality
Morphological Meaning
Types of Morphemes: Free and Bound Morphemes; Lexical and Grammatical
108 109
Inflectional Morphology Derivational Morphology
112
Lesson 2 Rules of Word Formation and Morphological Analysis
113 115 116 117 122
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root Words
Decodable and Sight Words
Context Clues, Word Decoding, and Vocabulary Building
Common Greek and Latin Roots and Affixes
Simple Spelling Rules for Suffixes
126
Lesson 3 Content Words and Function Words Classifying Words and Derivational Regularities
127 129 132 134
Content Words and Function Words
Synonyms and Antonyms
Compound Nouns: Solid, Separated, and Hyphenated
v
136
Lesson 4 Other Forms Words Take
247
Lesson 3 Language in Society
137 138
Registers and Words
247 252 254
Sociolinguistics, Language Varieties, and Standards
Other Word-Forming Processes
Idiolects and Registers Linguistic Anthropology
Unit IV THE GRAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE: SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES 151 Lesson 1 Introduction to Syntax: The Components of Grammar 152 Suffixes 154 The Parts of Speech 155 The Nominals: Nouns and Pronouns 155 The Modifiers: Adjectives and Adverbs 155 Verbs 158 Prepositions 160 Conjunctions, Interjections, Articles, and Determiners 161 How to Determine the Part of Speech 163 Lesson 2 Sentence Patterns of English 164 Sentence Structures 164 Dissecting Basic Sentences into Subject and Predicate 165 Constructing More Complex Sentences 166 Structure and Meaning 166 Sentence Relatedness 167 Syntax Rules and Structures 168 Some Basic Rules of Syntax in English 168 Seven Types of Syntactic Patterns 169 Types of Syntax: Four Sentence Structures 172 Syntax and Grammaticality 174 Grammaticality and the Infinite Nature of Language 175 The Words in the Structure: Parts of Speech in Syntax 181 The Four Syntactic Structures 188 Lesson 3 Kinds of Sentences and Grammar Rules 189 Declaratives, Interrogatives, Imperatives, and Exclamatives 193 Reminders on Mechanics and the Most Common Grammar Pitfalls
255
Lesson 4 Other Factors That Affect Language Use and Meaning
255 256 260 262
Regional and Social Dialects
Language Variation Linguistic Politeness
Cultural Contrasts: High-Context and Low-Context Dichotomies in Communication
vii
265
Lesson 5 Language Change
266 266 269 283 286
Living and Extinct Languages
Historical and Comparative Linguistics
Historical Events in the Evolution of the English Language
The Rise of “New Englishes”
Competence in Intercultural Communication
291 310 318
Glossary
References
Index
vi
2025 Higher Education Learning Solutions for the Teacher Education Program 375
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