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Welder’s Handbook
Carbon arc welding (CAW). An arc welding process that uses an arc between a carbon electrode and the weld pool. The process is used with or without shielding and without the application of pressure. carbon electrode. A nonfiller metal electrode used in arc welding and cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may be coated with copper or other materials. *carbon steel. Steel whose physical properties are primarily the result of the percentage of carbon contained within the alloy. Carbon content ranges from 0.04% to 1.4%, often referred to as plain carbon steel, low carbon steel, or straight carbon steel. carbonizing (carburizing). A reducing oxyfuel gas flame in which there is an excess of fuel gas, resulting in a carbon- rich zone extending around and beyond the cone. *cast. The natural curve in the electrode wire for gas metal arc welding as it is removed from the spool; cast is measured by the diameter of the circle that the wire makes when it is placed on a flat surface without any restraint. *cast iron. A combination of iron and carbon. The carbon may range from 2% to 4%. Approximately 0.8% of the carbon is combined with the iron. The remaining free carbon is found as graphite mixed throughout the metal. Gray cast iron is the most common form of cast iron.
Bevel. An angular type of edge preparation.
Bevel angle. The angle formed between the prepared edge of a member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member. Refer to drawings for bevel. Braze. A bond produced as a result of heating an assembly to the brazing temperature, 840°F (450°C), using a brazing filler metal distributed and retained between the closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint by capillary action. Braze welding. A welding process variation that uses a filler metal with a liquidus above 840°F (450°C) and below the solidus of the base metal. Unlike brazing, in braze welding the filler metal is not distributed in the joint by capillary action. Brazing (B). A group of welding processes that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the brazing temperature in the presence of a filler metal with a liquidus above 840°F (450°C) and below the solidus of the base metal. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint by capillary action. Buildup. The material deposited by the welding filler metal to a weld. Also, surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to achieve the required dimensions. See also buttering, cladding, and hardfacing. Burnthrough. A hole or depression in the root bead of a single-groove weld due to excessive penetration. A nonstandard term when used for melt-through.
cathode. A natural curve material with an excess of electrons, thus having a negative charge.
*cell. A manufacturing unit consisting of two or more workstations and the material transport mechanisms and storage buffers that interconnect them. cellulose-based electrode fluxes. Fluxes that use an organicbased cellulose (C6H10O5) (a material commonly used to make paper) held together with a lime binder. When this flux is exposed to the heat of the arc, it burns and forms a rapidly expanding gaseous cloud of CO2 that protects the molten weld pool from oxidation. Most of the fluxing material is burned, and little slag is deposited on the weld. E6010 is an example of an electrode that uses this type of flux.
Butt joint. A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane.
Buttering. A surfacing variation depositing surfacing metal on one or more surfaces to provide metallurgically compatible weld metal for the subsequent completion of the weld. C Capillary action. The force by which liquid, in contact with a solid, is distributed between closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint to be brazed or soldered. *Carbon. A nonmetallic element that can be found in all organic and many inorganic compounds, the most common allowing element used in iron to change its mechanical properties.
*cementite. A crystalline form of iron and carbon that is hard and brittle.
*center. A manufacturing unit consisting of two or more cells and the materials transport and storage buffers that interconnect them. *centerline. Lines on a drawing that show the center point of circles and arcs and round or symmetrical objects. They also locate the center point for holes, irregular curves, and bolts.
Carbon arc cutting (CAC). An arc cutting process that uses a carbon electrode. See also air carbon arc cutting.
Carbon arc gouging (CAG). A thermal gouging process using heat from a carbon arc and the force of compressed air or other nonflammable gas.
*certification. See certified welders.
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