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Welder’s Handbook
Electrode Coating – The mixture of chemicals, minerals and metallic alloys applied to the core wire. The coating controls the welding current, the welding position, and provides a shielding atmosphere, deoxidizers to clean the weld metal, and the welding slag that absorbs impurities from the weld metal. It also helps shape the weld bead and becomes an insulating blanket over the weld bead. Electrode Core Wire – The steel wire about which the coating is applied. The electrode size is determined by the diameter of the core wire.
Fatigue Failure – The cracking, breaking or other failure of a material as the result of repeated or alternating stressing below the material’s ultimate tensile strength. Fatigue Limit – The maximum stress that a material will support indefinitely under variable and repetitive load conditions
Fatigue Strength – The resistance of a material to repeated or alternating stressing, without failure.
Ferrite – The normal crystal structure of low carbon steel at room temperature.
Electrode Extension – The length of electrode extending beyond the end of the contact tube.
Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel – The magnetic finely dispersed crystal structure in austenitic steels that causes the austenite grains to become smaller and crack resistant. Ferrite Number – Ferrite Numbers (FN) are the current industry accepted figures for specifying ferrite content in austenitic stainless steel weld metal, as approved by the Welding Research Council (WRC), American Welding Society (AWS) and other organizations. Adopted during the 1970’s, “ferrite number” is not to be confused with “Percent Ferrite” that is still used in some cases.
Electrode Holder – A device used for mechanically holding and conducting current to an electrode during welding or cutting.
Electron – Negatively charged particles that revolve around the positively charged nucleus in an atom.
Element – A substance which can’t be broken down into two other substances. Everything on Earth is a combination of such elements, of which there are only 103. Elongation – Permanent elastic extension which a metal undergoes during tensile testing; the amount of elongation is usually indicated by the percentage of an original gage length. Endurance Limit – The maximum stress that a material will support indefinitely under variable and repetitive load conditions. Erratic – When the arc or burn-off characteristics are not smooth and difficult to handle. Can’t control where the puddle goes. Eutectic Alloy – Alloy of a composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than the individual elements of the alloy and freezes or solidifies at a constant temperature to form a fine mixture crystals made up of two or more phases. Extrusion – Forcing plastic metal through a die to produce a new form. F Face – The part of the weld bead between the “toes”.
Ferrous – Containing iron. Example: carbon steel, low alloy steels, stainless steel.
Filler Metal – The metal or alloy to be added in making a welded, brazed, or soldered joint.
Filler Wire – Filler metal supplied as a wire on spools or reels. Wire material and diameter vary with the welding application. Fillet Weld – A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint.
Fillet Weld Leg – The distance from the joint root to the toe of the fillet weld.
Fillet Weld Size – For equal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest isosceles right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. For unequal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. Flame Spraying (FLSP) – A thermal spraying process in which an oxy/fuel gas flame is the source of heat for melting the surfacing material. Compressed gas may or may not be used for atomizing and propelling the surfacing material to the substrate.
Face Bend Test – A test in which the weld face is on the convex surface of a specified bend radius.
Face Reinforcement – Weld reinforcement on the side of the joint from which welding was done.
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