Calculus Volume 1

Chapter 1 | Functions and Graphs

57

Transformation of f ( c >0 )

Effect on the graph of f

f ( x )+ c

Vertical shift up c units

f ( x )− c

Vertical shift down c units

f ( x + c )

Shift left by c units

f ( x − c )

Shift right by c units

Vertical stretch if c >1; vertical compression if 0< c <1

cf ( x )

f ( cx )

Horizontal stretch if 0< c <1; horizontal compression if c >1

− f ( x )

Reflection about the x -axis

f (− x )

Reflection about the y -axis

Table 1.7 Transformations of Functions

Example 1.21 Transforming a Function

For each of the following functions, a. and b., sketch a graph by using a sequence of transformations of a well- known function. a. f ( x ) =− | x +2 | −3 b. f ( x ) =3 − x +1 Solution a. Starting with the graph of y = | x |, shift 2 units to the left, reflect about the x -axis, and then shift down 3 units.

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