Chapter 6 | Applications of Integration
671
6.4 | Arc Length of a Curve and Surface Area Learning Objectives
6.4.1 Determine the length of a curve, y = f ( x ), between two points. 6.4.2 Determine the length of a curve, x = g ( y ), between two points. 6.4.3 Find the surface area of a solid of revolution.
In this section, we use definite integrals to find the arc length of a curve. We can think of arc length as the distance you would travel if you were walking along the path of the curve. Many real-world applications involve arc length. If a rocket is launched along a parabolic path, we might want to know how far the rocket travels. Or, if a curve on a map represents a road, we might want to know how far we have to drive to reach our destination. We begin by calculating the arc length of curves defined as functions of x , then we examine the same process for curves defined as functions of y . (The process is identical, with the roles of x and y reversed.) The techniques we use to find arc length can be extended to find the surface area of a surface of revolution, and we close the section with an examination of this concept. Arc Length of the Curve y = f ( x ) In previous applications of integration, we required the function f ( x ) to be integrable, or at most continuous. However, for calculating arc length we have a more stringent requirement for f ( x ). Here, we require f ( x ) to be differentiable, and furthermore we require its derivative, f ′( x ), to be continuous. Functions like this, which have continuous derivatives, are called smooth . (This property comes up again in later chapters.) Let f ( x ) be a smooth function defined over ⎡ ⎣ a , b ⎤ ⎦ . We want to calculate the length of the curve from the point ⎛ ⎝ a , f ( a ) ⎞ ⎠ ⎝ b , f ( b ) ⎞ ⎠ . We start by using line segments to approximate the length of the curve. For i =0, 1, 2,…, n , to the point ⎛
let P ={ x i } be a regular partition of ⎡ ⎣ a , b ⎤
⎦ . Then, for i =1, 2,…, n , construct a line segment from the point
⎛ ⎝ x i −1 , f ( x i −1 ) ⎞
⎛ ⎝ x i , f ( x i ) ⎞
⎠ to the point ⎠ . Although it might seem logical to use either horizontal or vertical line segments, we want our line segments to approximate the curve as closely as possible. Figure 6.37 depicts this construct for n =5.
Figure 6.37 We can approximate the length of a curve by adding line segments.
To help us find the length of each line segment, we look at the change in vertical distance as well as the change in horizontal distance over each interval. Because we have used a regular partition, the change in horizontal distance over each interval is given by Δ x . The change in vertical distance varies from interval to interval, though, so we use Δ y i = f ( x i )− f ( x i −1 ) to represent the change in vertical distance over the interval [ x i −1 , x i ], as shown in Figure 6.38 . Note that some (or all) Δ y i may be negative.
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