2022 SPECIALTY CROP AUTOMATION REPORT
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure1: OverviewofmajorCEAsegments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 2: CEA penetration of fresh crops revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure3: FundsraisedbyCEAstart-ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 4: Overview of CEA market drivers and challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 5: Overview of leafy green cost structure – Open-field farming vs vertical farms. . . . . . 34 Figure 6: Overview of pepper cost structure – Open-field farming vs greenhouse. . . . . . . . 35 Figure 7: Overview of strawberry cost structure – Open-field farming vs vertical farms. . . . . . 36 Figure 8: Overview of key players in major segments of the CEA market. . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 9: Example of a traditional greenhouse grower diversifying its CEA product offering. . . . 39 Figure 10: Vertical farms have raised more than $2.5 billion since 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 11: Greenhouse start-ups have raised more than $1.5 billion since 2015. . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 12: Examples of retailers and traditional open-field growers developing their exposure to CEA. . 44 Figure 13: Controlled Environment Agriculture is promising, albeit with significant headwinds ahead. . 46 Figure 14: Overview of the H-2A visa application process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Figure 15: H-2A certified jobs and visas issued. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Figure 16: Survey results highlighting the increasing importance of H-2A. . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figure 17: H-2A certified workers by farm sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 18: Growth of H-2A jobs by employer type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Figure19: H-2Ajobsbyfilertype.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Figure 20: Overview of H-2A wage bill by state, U.S., 2020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Figure 21: European agriculture gross value add since 2011 [€ billion]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 22: European agriculture production by crop type, by value [€; percent], and by weight [tons; percent]; European specialty crop production by weight [tons; percent]. . . . . . 63 Figure 23: European specialty crop production since 2011, by country and by crop [millions tons]. . 64 Figure 24: Consumption of fruit and vegetable since 2011 [million tons]; consumption per capita of fresh fruit and vegetables [tons per capita]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 25: Fruit and vegetable imports to Europe since 2011 [million tons; percent]. . . . . . . . 67 Figure 26: Interview with Agrana – Using automation to bring crop production back to Europe. . . 68 Figure 27: Changes in production of selected vegetables since 2000, by country [thousand tons]. . 69 Figure 28: Changes in production of selected fruits and nuts since 2000, by country [thousand tons].70 Figure 29: Labor input index [annual working units] and hourly minimum wages [€] since 2011, byEuropeanregion.............................72 Figure 30: Number of farm managers in Europe by age group, from 2007 to 2016. . . . . . . . 73 Figure 31: Labor cost as a percentage of total costs, [average]; expectations for labor costs [percent share of respondents, based on survey results] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
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