Fault Managed Power White Paper

This paper discusses sustainability imperatives that are fundamentally changing power distribution requirements and energy consumption patterns. Class 4 Fault Managed Power (FMP) is touch-safe and delivers high-power distribution and can be paired with data. FMP is recognized for safely delivering Direct Current (DC) power over longer distances while improving on the safety standards of traditional power-limited circuits.

Fault Managed Power The Evolution of DC Power Distribution: Standards, Deployments, and Applications for Low and High Voltage Systems

Foreword In today’s rapidly evolving world, headlines often highlight climate change and the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but few address the environmental challenges posed by AI infrastructure, particularly its soaring energy demands. These demands can be addressed with advancements in power generation, storage and distribution. For two decades, Cisco has pioneered Power over Ethernet (PoE), setting new standards for efficient and reliable power delivery in network and building infrastructure. The development of Class 4 Fault Managed Power (FMP) represents another giant leap in power distribution across multiple environments. Established in 2023 under National Electric Code (NEC) Article 726 and UL1400, FMP offers efficient power delivery, simplified infrastructure, improved resiliency, and support for ever-higher power demands. From intelligent buildings to data centers, FMP can offer cheaper, safer, smarter and more efficient electrical distribution solutions. FMP backhaul, PoE last-mile, combined with on-site generation and storage, these are the advancements that can help to empower consumers with data-driven insights and granular control, enabling near-real-time load optimization and full utilization of renewable energy sources while reducing waste and lowering upfront-cost. As innovation continues, the synergy between these emerging technologies can help shape a more sustainable and resilient energy future. Here at Cisco, we are committed to fostering education, awareness, and practical applications for the next generation of power delivery ecosystems.

“At Cisco, we view Fault Managed Power (FMP) as a transformative technology that extends well beyond traditional power distribution methodologies.”

Joel Goergen, Cisco Fellow

Denise Lee Vice President, Cisco Engineering

"As buildings become more intelligent and need more devices, power, and connectivity, Class 4 (FMP) will be a viable option in venues like airports, Class-A offices, stadiums and arenas, and industrial plants to support mission-critical systems like 5G radios and small cells, power distribution infrastructure, distributed antenna systems (DASs), passive optical networks (PONs), and systems that use PoE switches." Ron Tellas ,Sr Solution Architect Belden

"FMP is set to disrupt the entire Telecom industry, delivering higher energy savings, reduced transmission losses, and a more sustainable future for global connectivity." Luigi Russo , Product Manager Prysmian

"We see Class 4 power as a huge enabler for PoE and smart buildings. We can now have a Class 4 backbone in a building to power all the PoE switches that then provide power and Ethernet connectivity for end devices." Mahmoud Ibrahim, Senior Business Development Manager Panduit

"The more I learn about the hazards of traditional AC power and look at all the outlets in a facility, the more I realize the need for a better and safer way to power devices. There is also a huge need to improve efficiency — every time we convert from AC to DC or vice versa, we’re losing energy effectiveness." Luke Getto, Sr Director VoltServer

"Semiconductors have fundamentally altered the way we distribute and consume goods and information. Through FMP, they could disrupt the way we distribute and consume electricity, making it safer, smarter and more efficient for everyone. "

Andrew Lu, Director Product Management Cisco

3 3

Change pic / ac dc pulse line to show evolution

Contents 5 Introduction

Reimagining Power Distribution for the Digital Age 6 What's Driving the Evolution of Power Distribution? Why Traditional Solutions Are No Longer Enough 7 From Edison and Tesla to AI: The Evolution of Electric Power "From Franklin's Kite to Modern Might"

8 What is Fault Managed Power (FMP)? Why Now? The Next Evolution in Safe, Efficient Power Distribution

10 Understanding How FMP Works

The Technology Behind the Transformation

11 Benefits of FMP

Delivering Safety, Efficiency, and Innovation Through Intelligent Power

13 FMP in the Field: Deployment Use Cases • Smart Buildings: Power Distribution Evolution - FMP and PoE Synergy • Hospitality/Entertainment: Modernizing Hospitality Infrastructure • Industrial Facilities: Overcoming Distance and Cost Challenges • Warehouses: Powering Industrial Innovation • Indoor Horticulture: Where Smart Power Meets Smart Growing • Smart City Infrastructure : Powering Urban Innovation [Pilot Program] • DC Microgrids: Enabling More Sustainable Power Architecture [Future] • Data Centers: Powering AI's Future: Efficient. Scalable. More Sustainable [Future] • EV Charging Simplified: From Grid to Vehicle [Future] 26 Breaking Through the Power Barrier: The Road Ahead Where Power meets Possibility 28 Appendix: • Standards Development and Regulations • FMP Alliance • Reference Page

Introduction The Challenge: The digitalization of our economy coupled with sustainability imperatives are fundamentally changing power distribution requirements and energy consumption patterns. This evolution, driven by AI computing demands, edge deployments, and renewable integration, among others, requires new approaches to power delivery and management. A Solution Emerges: Class 4 Fault Managed Power (FMP) is touch-safe and delivers high-power distribution and can be paired with data. FMP is recognized for safely delivering Direct Current (DC) power over longer distances while improving on the safety standards of traditional power-limited circuits. • National Electrical Code (NEC 2023) Article 726 [1] • Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1400-1 and UL 1400-2 Class 4 system requirements • The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Breaking Through Traditional Power Limitations with FMP: A new era in power distribution The evolution of digital infrastructure and the rising demand for renewable energy requires a fundamental shift in how we deliver and manage power. Fault Managed Power (FMP) represents a breakthrough technology that transforms traditional power distribution constraints into opportunities. By enabling safe delivery of high-voltage DC power up to 450V over extended distances, FMP addresses critical challenges facing modern facilities, from AI-driven data centers to smart buildings and telecommunications infrastructure. Transformational Power Distribution FMP redefines what's possible in power distribution through its innovative approach to delivering and managing high-voltage DC power. • Simplified infrastructure through elimination of traditional electrical requirements • Flexible deployment supporting varied power needs from 100W to multiple kilowatts • Scalable architecture supporting future power demands Transformational Benefits FMP offers compelling strategic benefits that can transform how organizations approach their power infrastructure and sustainability goals. • High-voltage DC power delivery (up to 450V) over greater distances • Active fault management facilitates safe high-power distribution

• Reduced conversion losses through DC power delivery • Advanced power monitoring and management capabilities • Lower installation and maintenance costs • Improved space utilization through reduced infrastructure • Direct integration with DC power sources (solar, fuel cells) • Efficient energy storage system integration • Enablement of microgrid architectures • Simplified path to Net Zero goals

Key Use Cases, Applications

• Sensor and control systems • Edge computing support • Data centers • High- density AI compute environments • Distributed edge facilities • Sustainable power architecture • Remote site power delivery

• Smart buildings and campuses • Building automation and IoT device power • EV charging infrastructure support • LED lighting and control systems • Warehouse and industrial facilities • 5G radio and small cell DAS deployments

Power Distribution at Crossroads: The Time for Change is Now

Evolution of DC Power Distribution The power distribution industry is witnessing a decisive shift toward DC power, driven by the inherent efficiency advantages for modern electronic devices. According to the Alliance to Save Energy the inefficiencies in the AC-DC conversion process currently result in 5-20% energy loss. [3] This shift is particularly significant as buildings and infrastructure increasingly rely on devices that operate on DC power internally. The increase in rack density in data centers is significant, driven by the growing demand for computational power and the rise of hyperscale cloud services. Today, server racks typically require 7-12kW of power. Server racks that train large AI models require even more power, with some configurations reaching up to 50 kW per rack. As data centers evolve, configurations with densities of 25 kW or even 100 kW per rack [4] are becoming increasingly common, emphasizing the need for higher-density rack Power Distribution Units (PDUs) to efficiently manage power distribution and thermal management. The Transition to Clean Energy The global energy transition is accelerating as companies balance rising electricity costs with sustainability targets. Rising energy prices and stakeholder pressure for emissions reduction are driving businesses to rethink operations. Organizations are adopting renewable energy solutions to control costs while meeting emissions reduction commitments. Financial institutions are backing this shift with preferential terms for clean energy projects, while corporations secure The Rise of Power-Intensive Computing renewable power agreements to stabilize expenses and achieve Net Zero goals - reflecting a market where economic and environmental imperatives increasingly align.

According to the U.S. Dept. Of Energy -"Buildings also use 74% of electricity in the United States and account for $370 billion in annual energy costs. Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is critical to lowering energy costs, strengthening resilience to extreme weather events, and improving grid reliability …." Traditional power-limited circuits, such as those used in PoE applications, are constrained by voltage and power limitations (60V DC and 100W per circuit). These constraints, combined with distance limitations, make them inadequate for many modern high-power applications. As power demands increase, particularly in sectors like data centers and intelligent buildings, these limitations become more pronounced. Limitations of Current Technologies

Buildings Energy Efficiency | Department of Energy [5]

Change pic Solar energy cost has plunged from $102 per MWh in 2017 to an expected $35 per MWh in 2025. Global: cost of renewable energy versus fossil fuels, 2028 | Statista

From Edison and Tesla to AI: Electric Power: A Brief History

The discovery of electricity changed our world forever. From simple sparks to powering entire cities, electricity has become essential to modern life. Over 200 years of innovation have turned this natural force into the power that runs our homes, businesses, and technologies. Each breakthrough - from the first light bulb to today's smart power grids - has opened new possibilities for how we live and work. As we look to the future, electricity continues to evolve, supporting cleaner energy and smarter ways to power our digital world.

Early Discoveries 1752: Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous kite experiment, proving lightning was electrical in nature 1800: Alessandro Volta invented the first electrical battery (the Voltaic pile) 1831: Michael Faraday invented the electric generator, demonstrating electromagnetic induction The War of Currents (1880s-1890s) Edison's Campaign:  Attempted to discredit AC power by: • Public demonstrations of AC's dangers • Supporting use of AC in electric chair executions • Publishing anti-AC propaganda Westinghouse's Response: • Demonstrated AC's safety and efficiency • Won contract for 1893 World's Columbian Exposition • Secured Niagara Falls power plant project

The Rise of Commercial Electricity Edison and DC Power 1879: Thomas Edison invented the practical incandescent light bulb 1882: Edison opened Pearl Street Station in New York City, the first commercial power plant using DC Edison advocated DC power because: • It was more stable for early light bulbs • Initial systems were simple and reliable • He held numerous DC-related patents Tesla and AC Power 1887:Nikola Tesla developed the AC (Alternating Current) system 1888: George Westinghouse bought Tesla's patents AC advantages: • Could be transmitted over longer distances • Voltage could be easily changed using transformers • More efficient for powering motors 21st Century 2003 - EEE 802.3af PoE standard ratified (15.4W) 2006 - First modern solar thermal power plant 2008 - Smart grid initiatives begin worldwide 2009 – IEEE 802.3at PoE+ (30W) 2012 - Solar power becomes cost-competitive with fossil fuels 2015 - Tesla introduces Powerwall home battery 2018 – IEEE 802.3bt UPoE+(90W) 2019 - Renewable energy surpasses coal in U.S. power generation 2021 - Global push for electric vehicle infrastructure 1897 NEC publishes first set of electrical codes The National Electrical Code (NEC) was first compiled in 1897 and was championed by the National Board of Fire Underwrites as one of the very first attempts to reduce the numbers of fires caused by the improper installation of electrical equipment. 2023 - AI integration in grid management accelerates. AI is transforming power grids from simple distribution networks into smart systems that can predict and prevent problems. Through real-time monitoring, AI forecasts power demands, detects potential failures, and automatically balances loads while managing both non-renewable and renewable energy sources.

AC power became the dominant standard for power transmission

Key 20th Century Milestones 1920s : Rural electrification begins in developed nations 1930s: Hoover Dam completed, demonstrating large- scale hydroelectric power 1954: First nuclear power plant connected to power grid in USSR 1960s: Development of High-Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission for specific applications 1970s: First solar cells for commercial power generation 1990s: Smart grid technology development begins 2023 NEC publishes new Class 4 power category – Fault Managed Power Over its 100-plus years of existence, the NEC has defined three classes of electrical power, with each representing a distinct characteristic of a circuit’s voltage threshold. In its most recent update, the NFPA has added a new circuit classification:Class 4 Power.

While AC power dominated the 20th century, we're now seeing a renaissance of DC power through renewable energy systems, data centers, and digital devices. The emergence of Fault Managed Power in DC distribution, combined with smart grid technologies and advanced power management systems, is bringing Edison's DC vision full circle.

What is Fault Managed Power? Why Now?

The National Electrical Code's creation of Class 4 power in 2023 (NEC Article 726) emerged from critical industry challenges that existing power solutions couldn't adequately address. Traditional power-limited circuits (Class 1, 2, and 3 (see Table 1)) and RFT-V (Remote Feeding Telecommunication – Voltage) technology, which relied on limiting maximum power and voltage, were becoming insufficient for modern power demands, particularly with the emergence of Telecom 5G small cells and the insatiable demand for data center power. In 2020, ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions), along with UL (Underwriters Laboratories) and Cisco, spearheaded an initiative to develop a new classification that could safely deliver higher power levels over longer distances. The result was Class 4 Fault Managed Power (FMP), which fundamentally differs from previous classes by imposing no power limit during normal operation while actively monitoring and managing fault conditions.

Safety UL-1400-1 Compliant

Significant Power

Reduced Cost Less Infrastructure/ better efficiency

Table 1: Comparison of NEC Classification of Circuits Enersys.com [6]

Class1

Class2

Class3

Class4

No Limit, system dependent e.g. 2000W @380VDc

Max Power (VA)

1000

100

Long Distance Over 1 km

Max Voltage (V)

150

450

Fire/Electrical shock risk

Higher

Low

More Sustainable Reduced infrastructure and more efficient DC power delivery

This innovative approach enables the safe delivery of higher power levels over longer distances through precise energy control during fault events, effectively addressing the growing industry need for more powerful, efficient, and flexible power distribution. Unlike its predecessors, Class 4 FMP provides a solution that maintains or improves upon existing safety standards while supporting the increasing power demands of modern digital infrastructure and telecommunications equipment.

Speed to Deploy Low voltage and reduced labor requirements

Key Characteristics of FMP Improved Safety Architecture. The system continuously monitors for various types of faults, protecting against both shock and fire hazards. When it comes to shock protection, FMP must detect and respond to line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line pair faults within a timeframe on the order of 20 milliseconds or faster. This rapid response time, coupled with the system'sability to differentiate between legitimate loads and accidental human contact, makes it significantly safer than traditional power systems. Fire protection is equally robust, with the system actively monitoring and protecting against various fault types including short circuits, arc faults, and resistive faults. Enhanced Efficiency of FMP power distribution can also significantly improve efficiency in data centers. Traditional AC systems require multiple conversion stages (AC to DC, DC to AC, and back to DC) to power servers and networking equipment. Direct DC distribution can eliminate several of these stages, potentially improving overall efficiency by 12- 18%.[7] The reduction in power conversion stages also leads to less heat generation. This, in turn, decreases the cooling load in data centers, which can account for up to 40% of a data center's energy consumption.[8] Lower cooling needs translate directly to reduced energy consumption and operational costs. Simplified Installation of FMP brings notable advantages in terms of both simplicity and cost efficiency. Unlike traditional AC systems, FMP typically does not require conduit installation or licensed electricians. It can be installed alongside Class 2 circuits and data cables by low-voltage technicians. According to Panduit’s case study of an industrial facility, this simplified installation process reduces labor hours by 40%, eliminating the need for complex conduit runs, multiple inspection points, and specialized electrical work. Further labor savings come from reduced coordination between trades, simplified permitting processes, and faster deployment timelines. The system’s ability to automatically restart after fault clearance, combined with these installation efficiencies, makes it practical and cost effective for smart building infrastructure. Sustainability benefits of FMP are substantial, enabling over 50% savings on cable and conduit costs through its efficient power delivery design and reduced power and cooling infrastructure requirements which can help to reduce carbon emissions [Panduit Case Study]. By maximizing power efficiency and minimizing resource usage, FMP represents a significant step forward in more sustainable power distribution technology. This innovative power distribution technology represents a significant leap forward in how we can safely and efficiently deliver power, 600W per pair today, over long distances. By combining high power capacity with sophisticated safety features and efficient resource utilization, FMP is positioning itself as a crucial technology for power distribution needs.

Understanding FMP

Fault Managed Power (FMP) operates through three components that work together to enable safe and efficient power delivery.

At the source, the Transmitter (TX) serves as the system's starting point, converting standard AC power to DC through a rectifier or native DC power from a source such as solar, and then adjusting it to the appropriate transmission voltage using a DC-to-DC converter. The TX incorporates specialized fault management circuitry to continuously monitor and control power delivery, ensuring it works effectively with compatible receivers (RX). The power transport cable forms the crucial link between the TX and RX, featuring specific design requirements for proper fault management. These cables can be integrated into hybrid copper-fiber cables for simultaneous power and data transmission. The cable specifications, including gauge size, length, and number of pairs, can be customized based on specific application needs, but must undergo testing as part of the complete system to ensure proper fault management functionality. At the receiving end, the Receiver (RX) completes the system by converting the incoming fault-managed power into usable voltage for end devices, such as 48V DC for network switches. The RX can either exist as a standalone unit or be integrated directly into telecommunications equipment. Together, these three components create a comprehensive system that maintains constant monitoring and control of voltage and current between the TX and RX, ensuring safe and efficient power delivery.

FMP Transmitter

FMP Transport Cable

FMP Receiver

Up to 2Km

DC Power

DC Power From Solar / Wind / Fuel Cells

FMP Transmitter Converts AC power to pulse current

FMP Receiver Coverts pulse current to DC power

Pulse Current Safe power delivered over FMP cable

AC Power From Grid / UPS / Generators

PoE Loads

PoE Switch

This architecture represents a cohesive approach to power distribution where each component plays a vital role in maintaining the system's safety and efficiency through continuous monitoring and fault management. By enabling efficient high-power DC distribution to network closets and equipment rooms, FMP creates natural deployment points for PoE systems, extending power delivery to end devices through standardized network cabling. This multi-tier approach optimizes power delivery at each stage - from building entrance to endpoint devices

Benefits of Fault Managed Power

Fault Managed Power (FMP) offers significant advantages over traditional power distribution methods, making it an attractive option for a wide range of applications.

Unleashing Higher Power Over Longer Distance One of the most significant advantages of FMP is its ability to deliver substantially more power over much greater distances compared to traditional systems:

Characteristic

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Voltage Limit

60V DC

100V DC

Up to 450V DC

Power Limit

100W per circuit

No power limit

Distance Capability

~100 meters

~150 meters

~2000 meters

Power and voltage limited

Active fault management

Safety Method

Redefining Enhanced Safety Despite operating at higher voltages and power levels, FMP maintains or even improves upon the safety standards of lower-power systems:

Feature

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Power/voltage limitation

Active digital monitoring Real-Time fault detection Active fault management Low Actively managed

Fault Protection

Safety Mechanism

Power/voltage limits

Human Contact Protection

Additional protection required

Inherently safe levels

Arc Flash Risk

Low

Streamlining Installation Requirements FMP can significantly reduce the complexity and cost of installation compared to traditional systems: Aspect Line Voltage AC Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

Conduit/J-Box Requirement

Yes

Licensed Electrician

Limited Energy Technician

Cabling Skillset

Permits & Inspection

Frequently Exempt

Varies by Jurisdiction

Required

Low Co-exist with Class 2 cables

Infrastructure Complexity

High

Low

Proactive Monitoring and Control FMP can incorporate advanced management features

Capability

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Built in advanced monitoring

Power Monitoring

Limited/Basic

Remote Management

Limited

Comprehensive

Load Balancing

Limited

Automated

Automatic Fault Detection

Basic

Real Time/Automated

Boosting Energy Efficiency FMP has efficiency advantages over Class 2-3 Solutions Aspect Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Low Reduced conversion stages which improve efficiency Optimized through higher voltage distribution

AC-DC Conversion Losses

Low

Line Losses

Moderate at distance

Heat Generation

Moderate

Low

Moderate-High 75-96% end to end

High Up to 90%

Overall Efficiency

Benefits and Key Differentiators Summary

As shown, FMP offers several significant advantages over traditional power classifications. At a foundational level, FMP provides greater power delivery capabilities with voltage support up to 450V DC and no inherent power limits beyond cable capacity, enabling power delivery over distances several times greater than Class 2 or 3 systems. The installation process is simplified compared to traditional AC systems, requiring fewer infrastructure components and enabling deployment by a limited-energy technician - also known as a Low-Voltage Technician or Power-Limited Technician. FMP's active fault management approach provides superior safety while eliminating the need for extensive physical protection measures required in traditional power installations.

As a key enabling technology in driving towards lower energy consumption, FMP can help eliminate many of the AC-DC power conversions occurring in today's environment, which can help eliminate 10- 20% of a building's energy consumption. [9] The technology's built-in monitoring and control capabilities enable dynamic load balancing and comprehensive power management. These benefits collectively address the limitations of existing power classifications while providing a pathway for organizations to meet increasing power demands more efficiently and sustainably.

The Smart Building: Power Distribution Evolution - FMP and PoE Synergy

Cisco, as the market leader in PoE technology, sees FMP not as a replacement for PoE but as a complementary technology that extends power capabilities across the smart building environment. While PoE excels at delivering power and data to end devices up to 71W over 100 meters, FMP addresses the broader building power infrastructure needs: Complementary Power Architecture • FMP + PoE : Delivers Kilowatts of power to the PSE (Power Sourcing equipment) and then partitions out the FMP power into PoE Class 2-sized chunks of usable power to be delivered to devices such as cameras, lighting, displays, sensors etc. The Combined Solution: Creates a comprehensive power hierarchy from building entrance to end device.

Network Infrastructure Support • Efficiently powers PoE switches and network infrastructure • Enables placement of network equipment beyond traditional electrical constraints • Supports higher density PoE deployments across larger spaces Extended Power Reach • PoE: 90W up to 100 meters • FMP: Higher power delivery over several hundred meters • Result: Complete building coverage without traditional electrical infrastructure limitations Unified Management • Integration with Cisco's network management platforms • End-to-end power monitoring from source to end device • Centralized control of both FMP and PoE power delivery FMP Strategic Integration Points

Cost Optimization • Lower installation costs through simplified infrastructure • Reduced operational expenses through efficient power delivery • Maximized utilization of existing infrastructure investments Simplified Infrastructure Deployment • Reduced dependency on electrical contractors and permits • Streamlined installation alongside network infrastructure • Faster deployment timeframes for new technologies and services Enhanced Scalability • Easy expansion of power delivery to meet growing demands • Flexible power allocation based on changing needs • Support for new technologies without electrical infrastructure overhaul

FMP has the potential to be a strategic enabler that bridges utility power and endpoint devices, complementing our established PoE leadership to deliver building power solutions. This integration creates an intelligent power architecture that eliminates traditional electrical constraints while supporting sustainability goals and increasing power demands. By unifying IT and power infrastructure, Cisco helps customers with building-wide digital transformation and more simplified deployment and management.

"Our focus is on harnessing the transformative power of fault-managed power systems to ensure that energy - the lifeblood of our modern world - is not just accessible, but also physically safe, resilient against disruptions, environmentally friendly, and

adaptable to the ever- changing global needs." FMP Alliance

FMP Deployment Use Cases Transforming Power Distribution Across Industries with Common Challenges to:

Support sustainability initiatives through improved efficiency

Reduce infrastructure complexity and installation costs

Simplify integration with renewable energy sources

Provide comprehensive power monitoring and management

Speed up installation times with reduced infrastructure complexity and reducedpermitting requirements

Scale power delivery for future capacity needs

Rising demand and global pressures

Implementing smart building solutions reduces $$$

$800 Billion in transmission and distribution investment is needed over the next decade to power new data centers across Europe's aging electrical grid." [18]

Energy Savings (US Green Building Council, Cisco Atlanta project) [19] 30%

EU Green Deal Energy Performance Building Directive would apply to over 30 million building unit renovations [21] Directive sets out how Europe can achieve a net zero-emissions and fully decarbonized building stock by 2050

Production of 1 ton of raw steel emits 1.4-1.85 tons of CO2 [20]

FMP removes the requirement of having steel conduit pathways

74% of electricity in the United States is used by buildings and accounts for

25% Surge in AI data center power demand globally fin Q1 '24 versus Q4 '23.” [22] Data center sustainability | Deloitte insights

$370 billion in annual energy costs [23]

Fault Managed Power

20ms or faster. [27]

30x

The time FMP must detect and respond to a line-to- ground, line-to-line, and line pair faults

Power delivery capabilities when compared to Class2 PoE solutions [24]

Up to 40% Savings on cable costs

Up to 2km

Distance FMP can be delivered via FMP cable [25]

compared to traditional high voltage AC electrical cabling [24] Panduit use case, all projects will deliver different results

Rapid Deployment Power can be delivered in existing data pathways, eliminating the need for steel conduit and junction boxes [26]

Cisco holds 52 Patents in Fault Managed Power with an additional 35 pending.

Hospitality/Entertainment Modernizing Hospitality Infrastructure The Project

The Sinclair Hotel project involved the transformation of a historic 1929 Art Deco building in downtown Fort Worth, Texas. This ambitious undertaking aimed to convert the former Sinclair Oil building into a luxury Marriott Autograph Collection hotel while preserving its architectural heritage. The 17-floor structure presented unique challenges in modernizing a 90-year-old building to meet contemporary luxury hotel standards while maintaining its status as a registered historic landmark. The project's key objectives included creating a 164-room luxury hotel with modern amenities and technology infrastructure, achieving significant improvements in energy efficiency and operational costs, and demonstrating how historic buildings can be adapted for modern use without compromising their architectural integrity. The development team sought to establish new standards in sustainable building practices while delivering a premium guest experience in one of downtown Fort Worth's most iconic structures.

The Sinclair Hotel Fort Worth, TX "World’s First All-Digital Hotel"

The Challenge The transformation of the historic Sinclair Building presented several significant challenges to the development team. The project faced critical constraints in integrating modern building systems and amenities while adhering to historic preservation requirements. Traditional infrastructure posed difficulties, as conventional electrical systems would have required extensive structural modifications and risked damaging historical elements. Based on previous hotel development experience, the team needed to address the unreliability and inefficiency of traditional building management systems, which had proved problematic in facilities of this scale. The complexity was further increased by the need to achieve modern energy efficiency standards while working within the physical constraints of a 1929 structure. 30-40% Total energy consumption savings The Outcome The Solution The developer implemented an innovative combination of Power over Ethernet (PoE) and FMP to overcome the building's modernization challenges. The solution centered on using an FMP system, which enables power distribution through standard cables rather than traditional electrical infrastructure. This approach

began with a centralized power management system in the basement, where transmitters near the electrical switchgear distribute power throughout the building's 17 floors. The system powers over 2,000 connected devices - including lights, window shades, smart mirrors, and minibars, significantly simplifying installation and maintenance requirements.

Case Study Reference : Sinclair Digital

Hospitality/Entertainment Modernizing Hospitality Infrastructure

The Project The Circa Resort & Casino Las Vegas represents a pioneering approach to modern power distribution in large-scale hospitality venues. This 35-floor, 1.2 million-square-foot property, the first ground-up hotel-casino built in downtown Las Vegas since 1980, showcases the potential of Class 4 power systems through its implementation of FMP as its backbone infrastructure. Instead of traditional AC power, this DC power distribution system enables comprehensive integration of advanced technologies including building automation, digital in-room controls, cryptocurrency kiosks, LED lighting, climate control, and wireless access points. The adoption of FMP not only created a more intelligent building but delivered significant practical benefits: completing construction two months ahead of schedule and generating $2-3 million in construction cost savings compared to conventional AC power systems. This project demonstrates how next-generation power distribution can both enhance building capabilities and improve construction economics.

Circa Casino & Resort Las Vegas The Strips most Intelligent Building

“In addition to lower utility bills, Nichols estimates construction cost savings of between $2 million and $3 million thanks to the combination of using VoltServer’s DE (FMP) and Belden’s DE (FMP) Cables instead of dedicated AC power.” Keith Nichols, Technology Owner | Circa Resort and Casino owner s

The Outcomes

$2-3M Material cost savings

2 Months Ahead of schedule

VoltServer Deployed at Circa Resort - VoltServer Digital Electricity

Industrial Facility Overcoming Distance and Cost Challenges The Project

An electrical contractor was tasked with the installation of new cameras, distributed uninterruptible power supplies ( UPS's), PoE switches, and media converters across several buildings. Under normal circumstances, a project like this would not challenge the capabilities of the contractor. However, in this case the power source nearest these new devices was over 1000 feet away. The cost and complexity of installing new panels, conduit pathways, and managing power shutdowns made this deployment significantly more demanding.

Federal Facility

The Challege Large hangar and industrial facilities face significant challenges when deploying PoE devices due to fundamental power and distance limitations. Traditional PoE is constrained to 100 meters and 90W per device, creating substantial infrastructure challenges for facilities that often exceed 500,000 square feet. These limitations force organizations to install numerous intermediate electrical power sources, intermediate distribution frames (IDFs), and network closets throughout the facility to maintain power and connectivity to PoE devices like security cameras, wireless access points, and sensors. The Solution By using Fault Managed Power (FMP) to distribute power across each 85,000 square foot building, the contractor was able to complete this project with minimal shutdowns. Even more impressively, the project timeline was reduced from two weeks to two days

The Outcomes

>42% Labor cost reduction

78% Total OPEX savings

>50% Total CAPEX savings

Case Study @ Panduit.com [12]

Warehouse and Distribution Center Powering Industrial Innovation The Project Mouser Electronics has been recognized with the Intelligent Building Conference (IBCon) "2024 Digie Award" (Commercial Real Estate Digital Innovation) for creating the "Most Intelligent DC- Powered Building" through its 416,000-square-foot distribution center expansion in Mansfield, Texas. The project, which augments Mouser's existing 1-million-square-foot facility, represents the largest implementation of Power over Ethernet (PoE) lighting technology in a commercial setting and the first to successfully integrate various fixture types at this scale in the United States. The project's primary scope encompassed installing an advanced PoE lighting system throughout the new three-story warehouse expansion, including: • Implementation of over 3,500 PoE-ready lighting fixtures, • Development of a sophisticated DC power distribution infrastructure using FMP • Integration of centralized control systems for granular lighting management and energy monitoring • Installation of integrated occupancy motion and daylight sensors in each high-bay fixture

Mouser Electronics Global Distribution Center Mansfield, Texas,

The Challenges

The Solution Mouser deployed a Power over Ethernet lighting system which combines PoE technology with FMP. The system uses hybrid copper-fiber cabling to distribute power and data from a central location to building IT enclosures, each serving 10,000 square feet. These enclosures house PoE switches that deliver up to 90W per port to lighting fixtures and sensors, enabling precise control and monitoring of over 3,500 lighting fixtures throughout the facility. • Scale and Integration: Managing the largest- ever PoE lighting installation • Technical Complexity: Implementing a hybrid copper-fiber cable system that combines FMP with optical fiber for both power and data transmission • Operational Continuity: Maintaining 24/7 warehouse operations • Energy Efficiency: Achieving 20% reduction in energy consumption while meeting stringent lighting requirements for various workspace types

The Outcomes

20% Reduction of energy consumption

100% No-electrician lighting changes

100% Elimination of steel conduit

Case Study Reference LED Magazine- Mouser Electronics

Transforming Indoor Horticulture Where Smart Power Meets Smart Growing The Project :

GreenSeal operates a state-of-the-art 30,000 square foot indoor cultivation facility in Stratford, Ontario, where they embarked on an ambitious facility optimization project. The initiative focused primarily on enhancing their lighting and electrical infrastructure to improve their cultivation environment. As a company known for its commitment to innovation and research, this project represented a significant step forward in their mission to redefine industry standards while maintaining their position as a leader in experimentation and quality cultivation.

The Challenge: The facility faced several critical operational challenges that needed addressing. At the core was their fundamental dependence on artificial lighting as a substitute for natural sunlight in their indoor cultivation process. The existing traditional electrical distribution systems presented significant safety concerns and lacked the adaptability required for precise environmental control. Additionally, the facility struggled with the limitations of their power infrastructure, which affected their ability to maintain precise lighting control throughout the cultivation process. These challenges were further compounded by high HVAC energy costs, which significantly impacted their operational efficiency and bottom line. The Solution: VoltServer addressed these challenges by implementing an FMP solution throughout the facility. This comprehensive solution delivered power through FMP cables, offering a safer and more efficient alternative to conventional systems. The strategic placement of transmitters outside cultivation rooms was a key component of the implementation strategy. To ensure successful adoption, VoltServer provided comprehensive staff training and integration support, along with a sophisticated software-controlled lighting management system that allowed for precise control over the growing environment. Key Outcomes: The implementation of FMP technology yielded measurable results across multiple aspects of GreenSeal's operations. The facility experienced a significant reduction in HVAC energy costs and operational expenses, while simultaneously enhancing safety through the improved electrical infrastructure.

Horticulture Ontario, Canada

Case Study : Powering with Precision: How Digital Electricity Transformed GreenSeal [13]

[ Future Use Case ]

Integrating FMP with DC Microgrids Enabling More Sustainable Power Architecture

Onsite DC microgrids with renewable energy and battery storage are becoming popular for providing a resilient local power source and reducing carbon emissions. Renewables generate DC power, but buildings use AC power, requiring repeated costly DC-AC-DC conversions. An FMP power distribution system connected to a DC microgrid can eliminate these conversion losses, raising energy efficiency and reducing energy-related carbon emissions. Other key benefits and use cases include:

Benefits

Use Cases

• Improved Reliability: FMP systems can rapidly detect and isolate faults within the microgrid, minimizing downtime and enabling continuous power delivery to critical loads. • Enhanced Efficiency: DC microgrids can operate more efficiently than traditional AC systems, as they eliminate the need for multiple conversions between AC and DC. FMP solutions can optimize the distribution of power within the microgrid, further enhancing overall efficiency. • Increased Safety: DC microgrids inherently have a lower risk of electric shock hazards compared to AC systems. FMP solutions complement this by providing advanced fault detection and protection, reducing the likelihood of arc faults and other safety concerns. • Centralized DC Power Backup: FMP systems can integrate with centralized backup power sources, such as battery energy storage systems, to provide reliable and redundant DC power in the event of a grid outage or other disruption. This ensures critical loads within the microgrid maintain power during blackouts or other emergencies. • Scalability and Modularity: FMP systems can be designed to seamlessly scale with the growth of the DC microgrid, accommodating expansions or changes in load requirements. This modular approach allows for greater flexibility and adaptability.

• Mission-Critical Facilities: DC microgrids are commonly used in mission-critical facilities, such as data centers, hospitals, and military installations. FMP solutions can enable the reliable and uninterrupted operation of these critical systems. • Remote and Off-Grid Applications: DC microgrids are well-suited for remote or off- grid locations, where renewable energy sources like solar and wind are prevalent. FMP systems can integrate with these distributed generation sources, providing robust fault management and power distribution, as well as centralized backup power. • Industrial and Commercial Facilities: Manufacturing plants, warehouses, and commercial buildings can benefit from the increased efficiency and reliability of DC microgrids coupled with FMP solutions, leading to cost savings and improved operational resilience. • Transportation and Mobility: Electric vehicles, rail systems, and other transportation applications are increasingly adopting DC power architectures. FMP solutions can optimize the power distribution and fault protection within these DC-based transportation systems, while also providing centralized backup power when needed.

[ Future Use Case ]

Data Centers: Powering AI's Future: Efficient, Scalable, More Sustainable

The data center industry faces a pivotal challenge as power availability is becoming a critical constraint on growth just as AI and high-density computing drive unprecedented demand. AI applications are pushing rack densities from traditional 5-10kW to 50kW per rack [15] , while utilities in key markets report they cannot meet projected data center power demands beyond 2025. This convergence of increasing power density requirements and grid capacity limitations creates an urgent need for more efficient power architectures. FMP addresses this dual challenge by fundamentally rethinking data center power distribution. By enabling efficient DC power delivery and eliminating multiple conversion stages, FMP helps organizations maximize the utility of available power while providing a scalable foundation for future high-density deployments. This efficiency gain becomes critical as Goldman Sachs Research [16] projects AI workloads will drive an additional 200 terawatt-hours per year of data center power consumption between 2023 and 2030.

Current Market Pressures •

FMP's Strategic Benefits •

Grid capacity limitations in major data center markets Extended lead times for new power infrastructure Rising energy costs impacting operational viability

Maximizes usable power from existing utility connections Reduces conversion losses throughout power chain Enables more efficient cooling through reduced heat generation Simplifies integration with renewable energy sources Provides flexible, scalable power architecture for future growth Supports sustainability and efficiency targets

•

• Increasing pressure for more sustainable operations • Unprecedented power density requirements for AI

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[ Future Use Case ]

EV Charging Simplified: From Grid to Vehicle

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles is creating new demands on power infrastructure. Traditional electrical systems, with their complex installation requirements and scalability limitations, struggle to meet the growing need for efficient, flexible charging solutions. Fault Managed Power (FMP) can transform this landscape by enabling a more efficient and adaptable approach to EV charging infrastructure deployment. FMP Enabled EV Charging can provide advantages in three key areas - Financial Impact: • Reduced installation costs through simplified infrastructure • Minimized electrical upgrade requirements • Lower ongoing maintenance costs • Improved space utilization • Faster return on investmen t Deployment Advantages: • Installation times reduced by eliminating extensive conduit work • Streamlined permitting process in many jurisdictions

• Flexible charger placement options • Simple expansion as demand grows • Support for phased implementations Operational Benefits: • Centralized power management • Real-time monitoring and control • Dynamic load balancing • Simplified maintenance • Integration with building systems

This innovative approach to power distribution can enable organizations to overcome traditional barriers to EV charging deployment while significantly reducing costs and implementation time. FMP can provide a pathway to more efficient, scalable, and future-ready charging infrastructure evolving with growing demand.

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