product of the criminal justice approach. 109 Therefore, the two counterterrorism policies are to be seen as interrelated rather than separate. It could be argued that despite the militaristic nature of the ‘war on terror’, the US still passed multiple items of legislation that can be seen as related more to a legal enforcement model of counterterrorism. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, for example, granted vast surveillance rights to government agencies which facilitated a greater scope of intelligence gathering. 110 Moreover, aspects of criminal detention were also used during the ‘war on terror’ where Guantanamo Bay, as well as controversial aspects such as extraordinary rendition, became key elements of the campaign. However, it is not simply the military model that depends upon the structures of policing approaches. The use of militaristic tactics in policing approaches can also be noted in the UK’s campaign against IRA terrorism, where British troops were a persistent presence, with numbers reaching a peak of over twenty-five thousand. 111 It is, therefore, important to understand that the military and policing approaches to counterterrorism are not independent models. They are instead two interrelated approaches that are often used interchangeably in the struggle against terrorism. Acknowledging this connection between the two models and appreciating them as complementary 109 Laura K. Donohue, The Cost of Counterterrorism: Power, Politics, and Liberty (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 9. 110 K. Jack Riley, Jeremy M. Wilson, Gregory F. Treverton, Lois M. Davis, State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005), p. 52. 111 Esther Addley, British troops leave after 38 years (The Guardian, 2007), <https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/01/northernireland.mili tary> [accessed 3 January 2017].
41
Made with FlippingBook HTML5