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Bile acids Bile acids are potent digestive surfactants which promote the absorption of lipids. They also represent the primary pathway for cholesterol catabolism and account for approximately 50% of the daily turnover of cholesterol 2 . However, bile acids are no longer limited to solely that. Bile acids have now been recognized as hormones involved in the regulation of various metabolic processes. Bile acids regulate not only their own synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, but also triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and energy homeostasis. Current metabolomic and lipidomic efforts aim to provide new insights into the mechanism of bile acid signaling in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the maintenance of lipid homeostasis. 1,2 Avanti’s comprehensive line of pure bile acid primary standards and internal standards are the perfect complement to primary, secondary, and/or conjugated bile acid research in any clinical, toxicology, or research laboratory. The table is just a sample of the many bile acid standards that Avanti offers. Visit the website links below to discover the full lineup.
IsoPure Phospholipids Mixed-acyl glycerophospholipids are among the most abundant lipids in nature. Famously, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) is the most abundant phospholipid in most eukaryotic cells and tissues. The molecular structure of POPC follows the textbook consensus that unsaturated fatty acyl chains occupy the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone while saturated fatty acyl chains are relegated to the sn-1 position. As our analytical technologies advance, this conventional wisdom is being turned inside out with the isomer 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (OPPC) being identified at high abundance in samples ranging from plasma to tissue 1,2,3 . Adding to the complexity, both isomers are present in many instances in ratios ranging from 1:100 to 1:1. Resolving the puzzle of lipid isomers requires advanced analytical tools in conjunction with structurally defined reference materials. Until recently, commercially available synthetic lipids were also comprised of mixtures, as transacylation occurring in the round-bottom flask always led to 10-20% OPPC in any preparation of POPC. Moreover, the regiopurity of the product was difficult to define. Avanti has now introduced the IsoPure line wherein innovative synthetic procedures produce mixed-acyl glycerophospholipids with >99% regiopurity. These next-generation standards will be pivotal to isomer-resolved identification of glycerophospholipids in biological samples. 1 Ekroos K, Ejsing CS, Bahr U, Karas M, Simons K, Shevchenko A. Charting molecular composition of phosphatidylcholines by fatty acid scanning and ion trap MS3 fragmentation. J. Lipid Res. 2003, 44, 2181. PMID: 12923235 2 Zacek P, Bukowski M, Rosenberger TA, Picklo M. Quantitation of isobaric phosphatidylcholine species in human plasma using a hybrid quadrupole linear ion-trap mass spectrometer. J. Lipid Res. 2016, 57, 2225. PMID: 27688258 3 Maccarone AT, Duldig J, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ, Duchoslav E, Campbell JL. Characterization of acyl chain position in unsaturated phosphatidylcholines using differential mobility-mass spectrometry.J. Lipid Res. 2014, 55, 1668. PMID: 24939921
Compound name
Exact mass
Chemical formula
Cholic acid-d4
412.31
C 24 H 36 D 4 O 5 C 24 H 36 D 4 O 4 C 24 H 36 D 4 O 3 C 24 H 36 D 4 O 4 C 24 H 36 D 4 O 4 C 26 H 39 D 4 NO 5
Deoxycholic acid-d4
396.32
Lithocholic acid-d4
380.32
Chenodeoxycholic acid-(2,2,4,4-d4)
396.32
Ursodeoxycholic acid-d4
396.32
Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4
453.34
Taurodeoxycholic acid-d4, sodium salt
525.3
C 26 H 40 D 4 NNaO 6 S
IsoPure Phospholipids Now Available from Avanti https://avantilipids.com/product-category/phospholipids/isopure
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4
453.34
C 26 H 39 D 4 NO 5
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4, sodium salt
525.3
C 26 H 40 D 4 NNaO 6 S
Glycolithocholic acid-d4
437.34
C 26 H 39 D 4 NO 5 C 26 H 39 D 4 NO 5 C 26 H 39 D 4 NO 6
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid-d4
453.34
Glycocholic acid-d4
469.33
Taurocholic acid-d4, sodium salt
541.3
C 26 H 40 D 4 NNaO 7 S C 26 H 40 D 4 NNaO 6 S C 26 H 40 D 4 NNaO 5 S
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid-d4, sodium salt
525.3
Taurolithocholic acid-d4, sodium salt
509.31
1 Qi Y, Jiang C, Cheng J, Krausz KW, Li T, Ferrell JM, Gonzalez FJ, Chiang JY. Bile acid signaling in lipid metabolism: metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of lipid and bile acid markers linked to anti-obesity and anti-diabetes in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Jan;1851(1):19-29. PMID: 24796972 2 Staels B, Fonseca VA. Bile acids and metabolic regulation: mechanisms and clinical responses to bile acid sequestration. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S237-45. PMID: 19875558 Bile Acid Primary Standards Now Available from Avanti: https://avantilipids.com/product-category/bile-acids Bile Acid Internal Standards Now Available from Avanti: https://avantilipids.com/product-category/lipidomics/bile-acid-standards
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