• Associated Sustainable Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Each element and its attributes might correlate to one or more KPIs and could positively or negatively impact others. Therefore, mapping every element and its attributes to their as- sociated KPIs can provide a holistic perspective and trade-off studies to identify the optimized strategies during the design and operational stages, and bridge disconnected data and the lack of data mapping and synergy. • Data Collection Project Phase and Responsible Stake - holder: For the SDDMS to be the central repository throughout the project lifecycle and bridge the gap from lacking informa- tion exchange standards and requirements, it is necessary to specify the project phase and responsible stakeholder of each building element and its attributes. This will prevent the data loss during each data exchange stage. Clearly defined data collection phases and ownership can also ensure the informa- tion is diligently collected and recorded with its corresponding purpose in the SDDMS without duplication and inconsistency. • Supported Project Activities: This is where the correlation activities that the data support are specified. With this infor - mation, the SDDMS provides knowledge references to support activities during the project lifecycle and establishes the cor- relation to the sustainable KPIs. During the design stage, energy simulation data can, later on, support energy performance monitoring and management during the operational phase. This information can bridge the gap between data disconnection and the lack of domain knowledge. • Associated Green Building Standards: This information establishes the data foundation for sustainable performance evaluation against the green standards of interest and promotes green standards as a sustainable development reference. The associated green building standard information can provide an overview of a project’s KPI fulfillment level to other major green building standards, facilitate the project to meet a specific green building standard, or establish the performance threshold as the benchmark for operational monitoring, as well as illustrate the synergy to other reference green standards. Figure 3: use cases of the SDDMS for energy and air quality monitoring
• Associated Building Automation System (BAS) and Build - ing Management System (BMS): This final step correlates each element’s attributes with the BAS and BMS. This infor- mation is essential to set up the control mechanism and logic of the BAS and BMS. It also provides the correlation mapping between sustainable KPIs and different controls of BAS and BMS. For instance, the lighting control system manages a light- ing fixture operation, but it also impacts a space’s energy per - formance. Holistic control of a building requires consideration of each variation’s influence and trade-offs for KPIs. One value change might impact the performance of another. Therefore, data’s association to BAS and BMS in the SDDMS serves as the foundation for the advanced automatic control mechanism. Example Use Cases We present two use cases of the SDDMS for setting up an office space’s monitoring dashboard with two sustainable KPIs: energy use intensity (EUI) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, as illustrated in Figure 3. Typically, the energy meter readings show the cumulated energy consumption of a specific space area during a set period. A moni- toring system can continuously collect the data, save them as data historians, and plot the result on a real-time dashboard. However, without comparing to a set threshold to trigger either the facility manager’s action or automatic responses, the collected data is of no use to facilitate the building’s operation and maintenance. Both the energy meter’s reading and its metering space area are required to provide a comparable value as EUI to establish a proper performance threshold. The SDDMS can then provide a range of energy perfor - mance thresholds considering the space properties and its correlated green standards. Using EnergyStar as the benchmark standard, the EUI threshold of an office is 52.9 kBtu/sq. ft. This value can then be used to set the alert in CMMS to inform the facility manager or set up appropriate automatic responses. The CMMS or facility manager can then refer back to the SDDMS to isolate the building elements and attributes that impact the EUI value. The list can be further utilized to configure operation and maintenance strategies.
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November 2021
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