العدد 17 – فبراير/شباط 2023

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(6) Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000, p: 94. (7) Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p: 281. (8)Asiwaju, A., ed, " The Conceptual Framework. " In Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa’s International Boundaries, 1884–1984, 1–18. New York: St. Martin Press,1985, p: 1. (9) J.C Anene, The International Boundaries of Nigeria, 1885-1960 (London, The Framework of an Emergent African Nation, Longman Press, 1970), p: 3. (10)Henk Wesseling, Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880–1914. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996. p: 122. (11) Tasew Gashaw, " Colonial Borders in Africa: Improper Design and its Impact on African Borderland Communities " , Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 17/11/2017, accessed on 20/05/2022, at: https://2u.pw/ vTgYH (12) Gbenga Oduntan, " Africa’s border disputes are set to rise – but there are ways to stop them, " The Conversation, 14/7/2015, accessed on 25/05/2022, at: https://2u.pw/ACTU7 (13) Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, p: 281. (14) Andreas Wimmer, Lars-Erik Cederman, and Brian Min, " Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict. A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Dataset. " American Sociological Review 74 (2) 2009: 316–37. ) للمزيد يُنظر: 15 ( - Pierre Englebert, Africa, Unity, Sovereignty and Sorrow. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 2009 (16) Martin Meredith, The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. London, UK: The Free Press. 2005, p: 467. (17) Saadia Touval, " The Organization of African Unity and African Borders. "

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