Case: 25-7504, 01/16/2026, DktEntry: 38.1, Page 16 of 47
or professional sports. 28 U.S.C. § 3702. But it exempted then-existing state authorizations—including, for example, Nevada’s authorization of various forms of sports wagering. Id. § 3704(a); Edelman, supra , at 321. Consequently, PASPA “led to a monopoly on sportsbook style wagering for the state of Nevada.” Holden & Edelman, supra , at 920. While PASPA and state law significantly restricted sports wager- ing as the country entered the internet era, illicit sportsbooks, particu- larly those located offshore, began to appear online. See H.R. Rep. No. 109-412, pt. 1, at 8-9 (2006) (noting that these websites “operate[d] from offshore locations” effectively “beyond the reach of U.S. regulators and law enforcement”). Congress debated these enterprises—and the en- forcement challenges they created—for nearly a decade beginning in the late 1990s. See Brandon P. Rainey, The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006: Legislative Problems and Solutions , 35 J. Legis. 147, 148-150 (2009); Holden & Edelman, supra , at 921. The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UI- GEA), 31 U.S.C. § 5361 et seq. , emerged from these debates. Unlike the laws canvassed above, “UIGEA does not make gambling legal or illegal directly.” California v. Iipay Nation of San Ysabel , 898 F.3d 960, 964-
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