helpful to patients engaged in ongoing treatment, including patients who present with severe symptoms. We made no effort to ascertain the beliefs by therapists about the reasons for therapeutic progress, and we did not attempt to study specific therapeutic interventions. Precisely what the underlying assumptions that guided these treatments were remains to be examined in future research. Ideas that were once universally accepted, such as the central role of the Oedipus complex in development and psychopathology, (Friedman & Downey, 2002), and the role of transference in psychoanalytic treatment (Schachter, 2002), have been the subject of recent criticism. Debates between psychoanalysts of different schools (e.g., drive— conflict theory vs. object relations or self psychology) and different perspectives (e.g., one person vs. two—person psychologies) continue unabated. Our impression was that such debates were peripheral to the therapeutic work carried out by the clinicians who participated in this study.
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R.C. Friedman rcf2@columbia.edu
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