likely: too few subjects being compared reducing the likelihood of the demonstration of significant changes, even when such changes are present. It should be clear that all of the above issues threaten the external validity of psychoanalytic research. Dar et al. (1994) detail a number of strategies for ensuring that such threats are minimised; for example, by employing theory-guided predictions, planned rather than post-hoc statistical decisions, reduced use of omnibus multivariate techniques, stricter control of type-I error rates by using single rather than multiple tests, employing “families” rather than a multiplicity of hypotheses, the avoidance of step-wise statistical procedures and testing of hypotheses not against a difference of zero but rather against a predetermined interval. While these suggestions are well taken, the opportunities for psychoanalytic research are at the moment so few that many of these methodological niceties will ;&,&(&#/&2! =*(#)*4_!'>!i>_!G!8)#<0%_!F>!i>!['&6>^>![-\bd^>! 1-%&.+<>B+%#@MB%&8-)B* >!a0Z!e)%M?!SB$<:)%&!/%066>! =1(0%_!=>_!F0%*#)B(_!'>_!G!"42*)_!Q>![-\b]^>!Q0Y0%0!)36066$Y0!7)91B<6$Y0!&$6)%&0%!$*!2&)<0670*70?!=! %01)%(!):!0$D#(!72606>!i)B%*2!! =90%$72*!/647#$2(%$7!=66)7$2($)*>![-\\]^>!O$2D*)6($7!2*&!Q(2($6($72^>!K26#$*D()*_!O8?!=90%$72*!/647#$2(%$7!=66)7$2($)*>! F2%3B$_!8>_!G!Q2%270*)_!F>![-\\g^>!A)ZE&)60!*0B%)<01($7!(#0%214!2*&!0c(%214%29$&2!'B%)102*!/647#$2(%4_!--_!]-+E]-.>!! F2%3B$_!8>_!Q2%270*)_!F>_!A$30%2($_!=>_!G!S2%2(($*$_!Q>![-\\g^>!A)ZE&)60!*0B%)<01($7!(#0%214!2*&!%0<2160! $*!67#$C)1#%0*$2?!@0(2E2*2<46$6!):!%2*&)9$C0&E7)*(%)<<0&!(%$2<6>!'B%)102*!/647#$2(%4_!--_!P,gEP-P>!! F26($2*_!H>![-\\]^>!"#0!/)Z0%!):!Q#2%$*D!I*)Z<0&D0>!!8)*6B90%!/2%($7$12($)*!$*!(#0!8)7#%2*0! 8)<<23)%2($)*>!Nc:)%&?!RI!8)7#%2*0!80*(%0>! F2B90$6(0%_!5>!L>![-\bd^>!H)Z!(#0!60<:!307290!2!1%)3<09?!=!1647#)<)D$72!i)B%*2!! F07M_!=>!">_!K2%&_!8>!H>_!@0*&0<6)*_!@>_!@)7M_!i>_!G!'%32BD#_!i>![-\g-^>!=*!$*Y0*()%4!:)%!9026B%$*D! &01%066$)*>!=%7#$Y06!):!S0*0%2!! F0030_!F>_!A27#92**_!L>_!G!i2::0_!i>![-\\d^>!@)(#0%!E!$*:2*(!$*(0%27($)*!6(%B7(B%06!2*&!1%06493)<$7!60<:! 2*&!)3j07(!%01%060*(2($)*6>!/647#)2*2<4($7!O$2<)DB06_!d_!--PE-b+>!! F0<6M4_!i>![-\\P^>!'($)<)D4!):!7#$<&!92<(%02(90*(?!=!&0Y0<)190*(2 4'20&&;443&&32D.2E&&F&&19.3;&&2;.1.40&&GHIJ&&F& DN
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