and institutions. This has caused the majority of African populations to continue living under the pressure of the main root causes of humanitarian insecurity, including poverty, hunger, inequality, violence and conflict. As a result, armed movements have emerged, and military coups have occurred in many African countries, disrupting their security and political stability. These events have caused waves of displaced persons and refugees, as well as irregular migration to the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Keywords: political corruption, human security, sub-Saharan Africa, development
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