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/%$92%$<4!8 =$'&52!$,!7H?! In the studies identified, different forms of PDT were applied (Table 1). The models developed by Luborsky (1984), Shapiro and Firth (1985), and Malan (1976) were used most frequently. @)*'&#/&!,$(!.4&!&,,*/1/3!$,!7H?!*#!2%&/*,*/!0&#.15!'*2$('&(2! The studies of PDT included in this review will be presented for different mental disorders. However, from a psychodynamic perspective, the results of a therapy for a specific psychiatric disorder (e.g., depression, agoraphobia) are influenced by the underlying psychodynamic features (e.g., conflicts, defenses, personality organization), which may vary considerably within one category of psychiatric disorder (Kernberg, 1996). These psychodynamic factors may affect treatment outcome and may have a greater impact on outcome than the phenomenological DSM categories (Piper, McCallum, Joyce, Rosie, & Ogrodniczuk, 2001). O01%066$Y0!&$6)%&0%6! At present, several RCTs are available that provide evidence for the efficacy of PDT compared to CBT in major depressive disorder (Barkham et al., 1996; Driessen et al., 2013; Gallagher-Thompson & Steffen, 1994; Shapiro et al., 1994; Thompson, Gallagher, & Breckenridge, 1987). It is of note that due to the large sample size the RCT by Driessen et al. (2013) was sufficiently powered for an equivalence trial. Different models of PDT were applied (Table 1). Thase (2013) concluded from this RCT: ‘On the basis of these findings, there is no reason to believe that psychodynamic psychotherapy is a less effective treatment of major depressive disorder than CBT. ’ In another RCT by Salminen et al. (2008), PDT was found to be equally efficacious as fluoxetine in reducing symptoms of depression and improving functional ability. However, with sample sizes of N1 ¼ 26 and N2 ¼ 25, statistical power may have not been sufficient to detect possible differences between treatments. In a small RCT, Maina, Forner, and Bogetto (2005) examined the efficacy of PDT and brief supportive therapy in the treatment of minor depressive disorders (dysthymic disorder, depressive disorder not otherwise specified, or adjustment disorder with depressed mood). Both treatments were superior to a waiting-list condition at the end of treatment. At six-month follow-up, PDT was superior to brief supportive therapy. In a recent study by Barber, Barrett, Gallop, Rynn, and Rickels (2012), PDT and pharmacotherapy were equally effective in the treatment of depression. However, neither PDT nor pharmacotherapy was superior to placebo. An earlier meta-analysis (Leichsenring, 2001) found PDT and CBT to be equally effective with regard to depressive symptoms, general psychiatric symptoms, and social functioning. These results are consistent with the findings of more recent meta-analyses by Barth et al. (2013) and Driessen et al. (2010; Abbass & Driessen, 2010). Barth et al. (2013) did not find significant differences in outcome between different forms of psychotherapy of depression. Driessen et al. (2010) found PDT significantly superior to control conditions. If group therapy was included, PDT was less efficacious compared to other treatments at the end of therapy. If only individual therapy was included, there were no significant differences between PDT and other treatments (Abbass & Driessen, 2010). In three- month and nine month follow-ups, no significant differences between treatments were found. NKK .01230/1.40/5&&'67894/0/571.8/5&&/6648./1.40&
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