training in several distinct single-disorder treatments, (7) be more cost efficient (e.g., by additionally improving comorbid symptoms), and (8) have an impact on both the health-care system and public health. As a next step, we are planning to evaluate the UPP-Anx in a RCT. @$c0&!6291<06!):!&01%066$Y0!2*&!2*c$0(4!&$6)%&0%6! Knekt et al. (2008a, 2008b) compared STPP, long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP), and solution-focused therapy (SFT) in patients with depressive or anxiety disorders. STPP was more effective than LTPP during the first year. During the second year of follow-up, no significant differences were found between long-term and short-term treatments. In the three-year follow-up, LTPP was more effective; no significant differences were found between the short-term treatments. With regard to specific mental disorders, it is of note that after three years significantly more patients recovered from anxiety disorders in LTPP (90%) compared to STPP (67%) and SFT (65%). For depressive disorders, no such differences occurred. In an RCT by Bressi, Porcellana, Marinaccio, Nocito, and Magri (2010), PDT was superior to Treatment as Usual (TAU) in a sample of patients with depressive or anxiety disorders. /)6((%2B92($7!6(%066!&$6)%&0%! In an RCT by Brom, Kleber, and Defares (1989), the effects of PDT, behavioral therapy, and hypnotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were studied. All of the treatments proved to be equally effective. The results reported by Brom et al. (1989) are consistent with that of a more recent metaanalysis by Benish, Imel, and Wampold (2008), which found no significant differences between bona fide treatments of PTSD. In a response to the metaanalysis by Benish et al. (2008), Ehlers et al. (2010) critically reviewed the study by Brom et al. (1989). A comprehensive discussion with a convincing reply to the critique by Ehlers et al. (2010) was given by Wampold et al. (2010). In the present context, we shall only address the critique put forward by Ehlers et al. (2010) against the study by Brom et al. (1989). Ehlers et al. (2010) reviewed the study by Brom et al. (1989) in the following way (p. 273, italics by the authors): ‘In this study, neither hypnotherapy nor psychodynamic therapy was consistently more effective than the waiting-list control condition across the analyses used . . .’ In addition, Brom et al. (1989) pointed out that ‘Patients in psychodynamic therapy showed slower overall change than those in the other two treatment conditions, and did not improve in intrusive symptoms significantly . . .’ Results are different for different outcome measures. For the avoidance scale and the total score of the Impact of Event Scale (Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), PDT was significantly superior to the waiting-list condition, both after therapy and at follow-up (Brom et al., 1989, p. 610, Table 1). While effect sizes for PDT were somewhat smaller at posttreatment (avoidance: 0.66, total: 1.10), PDT achieved the largest effect sizes at follow-up (avoidance: 0.92, total: 1.56) as compared to CBT (avoidance: 0.73, total: 1.30) and hypnotherapy (avoidance: 0.88, total: 1.54). For the intrusion scale of the Impact of Event Scale, the primary outcome measure, it is true that PDT was not superior to waiting list both at posttest and at three-month follow-up. Intrusion is one of the core symptoms of PTSD. Pre– post differences of PDT, however, were significant and the pre–post and prefollow- up effect sizes were large (0.95 and 1.55, respectively). In contrast, the pre–post effect size for the waiting list was small (0.34). For the CBT condition (trauma desensitization), the pre–post and pre-follow-up effect sizes were 1.66 and 1.43, respectively. Thus, at follow-up, PDT achieved a larger effect size than CBT. While the effect size of CBT tended to decrease at follow-up, it tended to increase for PDT; as will be shown below, this is true for the avoidance scale and the total score of the Impact of Event Scale. For this reason, it is strange that the difference between PDT and the control condition was reported by Brom et al. (1989) to be not significant at follow-up. For intrusion, PDT achieved the lowest score of all conditions at follow-up. These results, however, were not reported by Ehlers et al. (2010). The figure presented by Ehlers et al. (2010, p. 273, Figure 2) only included the
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