pre–post effect sizes, but not the pre-follow-up effect sizes, for which PDT achieved larger effect sizes, as shown above. In a critical review, results of all analyses should be presented, not only the results that support one’s own perspective. Furthermore, for general symptoms, Brom et al. (1989) wrote that PDT ‘seems to withstand the comparison [with waiting list] best’ (p. 610). Thus, after all, it seems to take (a little bit, i.e., three months!) longer for PDT to achieve its effects, but these effects are at least as large as those of CBT. Further studies of PDT in PTSD are required. At present, only one RCT of PDT in PTSD is presently available. Q)92():)%9!&$6)%&0%6! At present, five RCTs of PDT in somatoform disorders that fulfill the inclusion criteria are available (Table 1). In the RCT by Guthrie, Creed, Dawson, and Tomenson (1991), patients with irritable bowel syndrome, who had not responded to standard medical treatment over the previous six months, were treated with PDT in addition to standard medical treatment. This treatment was compared to standard medical treatment alone. According to the results, PDT was effective in two-thirds of the patients. In another RCT, PDT was significantly more effective than routine care, and as effective as medication (paroxetine) in, the treatment of severe irritable bowel syndrome (Creed et al., 2003). During the follow-up period, however, PDT, but not paroxetine, was associated with a significant reduction in health-care costs compared with TAU. In an RCT by Hamilton et al. (2000), PDT was compared to supportive therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic intractable functional dyspepsia, who had failed to respond to conventional pharmacological treatments. At the end of treatment, PDT was significantly superior to the control condition. The effects were stable in the 12-month follow-up. An RCT by Faramarzi et al. (2013) corroborated these results with PDT combined with medical treatment being superior to medical treatment alone, with regard to gastrointestinal symptoms, defense mechanisms, and alexithymia, both at the end of therapy and at the 1- and 12-month follow-up. Monsen and Monsen (2000) compared PDT of 33 sessions with a control condition (no treatment or TAU) in the treatment of patients with chronic pain. PDT was significantly superior to the control group on measures of pain, psychiatric symptoms, interpersonal problems, and affect consciousness. The results remained stable or even improved in the 12-month follow-up. In a recent study, Sattel et al. (2012) compared PDT with enhanced medical care in patients with multi-somatoform disorders. At follow-up, PDT was superior to enhanced medical care with regard to improvements in patients’ physical quality of life. Abbass, Kisely, and Kroenke (2009) carried out a review and meta-analysis on the effects of PDT in somatoform disorders. They included both RCTs and controlled before and after studies. Meta- analysis was possible for 14 studies. It revealed significant effects on physical symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and social adjustment, which were maintained in long-term follow-up. Thus, specific forms of PDT can be recommended for the treatment of somatoform disorders. FB<$9$2!*0%Y)62! For the treatment of bulimia nervosa, three RCTs of PDT are available (Table 1). Significant and stable improvements in bulimia nervosa after PDT were demonstrated in the RCTs by Fairburn, Kirk, O’Connor, and Cooper (1986), Fairburn et al. (1995), and Garner et al. (1993). In the primary disorder-specific measures (bulimic episodes, self-induced vomiting), PDT was as effective as CBT (Fairburn et al., 1986, 1995; Garner et al., 1993). Again, however, the studies were not sufficiently powered to detect possible differences (see Table 1m for sample sizes). Apart from this, CBT was superior to PDT in some specific measures of psychopathology (Fairburn et al., 1986). However, in a follow-up (Fairburn et al., 1995) of the Fairburn et al. (1986) study using a longer follow-up period, both forms of therapy proved to be equally effective and were partly superior to a behavioral form of therapy. Accordingly, for a valid evaluation of the efficacy of PDT in bulimia nervosa, longer-term
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