results. Thus, this study raises serious concerns about an investigator allegiance effect (Luborsky et al., 1999). Another RCT compared PDT (TFP), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy (Clarkin et al., 2007). Patients treated with all three modalities showed general improvement in the study. However, TFP was shown to produce improvements not demonstrated by either DBT or supportive therapy. Those participants who received TFP were more likely to move from an insecure attachment classification to a secure one. They also showed significantly greater changes in mentalizing capacity and narrative coherence compared to the other two groups. TFP was associated with significant improvement in 10 of the 12 variables across the six symptomatic domains, compared to six in supportive therapy and five in DBT. Only TFP made significant changes in impulsivity, irritability, verbal assault, and direct assault.TFP and DBT reduced suicidality to the same extent. Here as well, power may have been insufficient to detect further possible differences (N1 ¼ 23, N2 ¼ 17N3 ¼ 22). In summary, there is clear evidence that specific forms of manual-guided PDT are efficacious in BPD (Leichsenring, Leibing, Kruse, New, & Leweke, 2011). For TFP and MBT, two RCTs carried out in independent research settings are available which provide evidence that both MBT and TFP are efficacious and specific treatments of BPD, according to the criteria of empirically supported treatments proposed by Chambless and Hollon (1998). Studies of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in BPD were recently reviewed by Leichsenring, Leibing et al. (2011). For bona fide treatments, including MBT, TFP, DBT, and schema-focused therapy there is no evidence that one form of psychotherapy is superior to another (Leichsenring, Leibing et al., 2011). 8 4'20&&;443&&32D.2E&&F&&19.3;&&2;.1.40&&GHIJ&&F& NVC
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