Wide adoption of CSA technologies and practices can allow Tanzania to counteract the effects of climate change.
live in land degradation hot spots than in any other country. The only country bordering Tanzania that has a higher percentage of land affected by degradation is Rwanda. However, Rwanda’s population is nearly only 1/5 the size of Tanzania’s population, and over four times as many people in Tanzania live in land degradation hot spots than in Rwanda. Land degradation may lead to economic decline for youth engaged in agriculture production. A study conducted in 2015 demonstrated that the cost of degraded land per year is $223 billion (USD).101 For each person engaged in agriculture in Tanzania, this is equal to over $5,000.00 per year. This problem is worse for Tanzanians in rural areas. The Morogoro region in central Tanzania had an estimated annual cost of $297 million for land and degradation-related issues. In contrast, Dar es Salaam— the largest city in Tanzania—had an annual cost of only $6.4 million. Obviously, these impacts are even greater for young farmers who are just starting out and have less capacity to recover from climate-related shocks and stressors. However, they also have the benefit of greater awareness of climate change and environmental issues, and fewer entrenched behavior change barriers to overcome. [60] [61]
Soil health is also emerging as central to sustainable livelihood generation for farmers, with unsustainable farming practices such as mono-cropping or overuse of chemical fertiliser depleting the soil of essential nutrients, destroying valuable soil microorganisms, and often leading to loss of valuable topsoil, the last of which is further compounded by the increasing prevalence of drought and flooding. Overall, this is increasing farmers’ dependence on soil inputs and their already problematic vulnerability to erratic rainfall, given lower soil-water retention capacity. Other less direct environmental impacts are being felt and enacted by the sector. For instance, climate change is causing increases in the prevalence of pests and diseases, which is leading to farmers suffering high crop losses and an increasing number turning to chemical-based pesticides. This, in turn, is adversely affecting the natural environment and human health, especially that of farmers, who often use these products without any protective equipment or proper training. [57][58] There is also a wide concern about water scarcity. In some areas, water has dried up due to the effects of climate change. Natural water sources are drying up. The increase in the number of farmers (particularly in horticulture) in recent years has exacerbated the situation. It has led to increased water demand. In many areas, there are no immediate alternative water sources, such as shallow and deep wells. Land degradation is also a primary environmental issue in Tanzania. Due to its effect on crop production, land degradation primarily affects farmers living in rural parts of the country. Unsustainable farming techniques, deforestation, and rainfall variation are the main drivers of land degradation. Victims of land degradation tend to struggle from increased undernutrition, decreased economic well-being, and regular environmental migration. Implementing the principles of conservation agriculture is essential to increasing crop yields and decreasing poverty and undernutrition in Tanzania. [59] Tanzania is more affected by land degradation than almost any country in the world. 51% of the land in Tanzania is affected by land degradation hot spots; only six countries in the world have a higher percentage of land affected by land degradation hot spots. All of the countries in Eastern Africa but one have lower levels of land degradation hot-spots and more people in Tanzania
2.1.5. Analysis of Specific Policy Documents
The review team conducted an analysis of policies affecting youth enterprises in Tanzania using a four-stage filtering process: (i) developing criteria for assessment; (ii) scoring specific policies against the established criteria; (iii) assessing existing policies’ promotion of youth enterprise development; and (iv) using the findings as a basis for proposing areas for PSSA intervention.
Table 1. Criteria for desk review
Criteria (CR)
Description/ Examples
CR 1: Clearly defined target groups
Who/what the policy targets (specifically: youth, women, SMEs, or the generic/general population). The objectives of the policy (e.g., promotes access to inputs and resources, technology, and services such as financial, technical, and access to markets). Regulatory framework to support implementation and enforcement; accountability measures targeting key implementing actors.
CR 2: Coverage/ specificity
CR 3: Enforcement mechanisms
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Youth Enterprise Policy Analysis Report
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