Bordetella bronchiseptica • Bordetella bronchiseptica is a respiratory pathogen of a range of wild and domestic animals. It is a common primary pathogen of canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) and a causative agent in feline upper respiratory tract disease. • Bordetella bronchiseptica is closely related to the host-specific human pathogens B. pertussis (the cause of whooping cough) and B. parapertussis.
ACAZAP RECOMMENDATIONS
• Good hand hygiene following animal contact or work in animal facilities is essential. • Advise owners on the potential zoonotic risk of kissing animals or allowing them to lick faces. • Acquisition of animals with a lower likelihood of B. bronchiseptica carriage (older, from low population density environments) should be considered for at risk individuals. • Good ventilation and air exchange are essential in animal care facilities (e.g. kennels and shelters) to minimise expose of staff
and animals in the facility to infectious aerosols produced by infected (clinical or asymptomatic) dogs. • Vaccination of dogs using mucosal (oral or intranasal) vaccines to reduce likelihood of shedding is recommended. • Although confirmed disease from modified live canine B. bronchiseptica vaccines has not been reported in humans, prudent practice would ensure immunocompromised individuals are not present at the time of vaccination. Oral vaccination is likely to result in reduced aerosolisation compared to intranasal administration.
IN ANIMALS
Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology (Diff-Quik stained) from a dog infected with B. bronchiseptica showing numerous coccobacilli adhered to the cilia of columnar epithelial cells (Courtesy of Prof. Michael Scott, Michigan State University)
AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY • Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative aerobic coccobacillus found in a range of animals where it is associated primarily with upper respiratory tract infections. In severe cases B. bronchiseptica may be involved in lower respiratory tract infections, albeit rarely. • Although frequently isolated from healthy animals, B. bronchiseptica is not part of the normal flora. Prolonged
carrier status is common in dogs and cats following clinical or subclinical infection. The organism colonises the ciliated respiratory epithelium, inducing paralysis of the mucociliary apparatus (ciliostasis) rendering the respiratory tract susceptible to secondary bacterial colonisation and subsequent inflammation. 1 • Dogs and cats are infected through oronasal exposure (direct or indirect) to infectious respiratory secretions from shedding animals.
CONTENTS
15 Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines
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