IN ANIMALS continued
immunity. 11 Neither vaccine type provides sterilising immunity, however, mucosally vaccinated dogs have been demonstrated to have reduced shedding of virulent organisms post-challenge compared with parenterally vaccinated dogs. 12
• Both mucosal and parenteral vaccines aid in the prevention of disease and the reduction in clinical signs, however mucosal vaccines are recommended by the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group due to their ability to stimulate local mucosal
TRANSMISSION
• Transmission to humans is via oronasal exposure to infectious respiratory secretions (direct or indirect). • Airborne nosocomial transmission has been documented. 13
IN HUMANS
HIV infection, and solid organ transplantation. 14 Rarely, cases have been reported in patients with no identified risk factors. 15,16
CLINICAL DISEASE • Clinical disease is primarily respiratory in nature and varies in severity from acute sinusitis and bronchitis with mild tracheobronchitis to acute fulminant bronchopneumonia. 14 • Other reported systemic disease manifestations include septicaemia, endocarditis, meningitis, and peritonitis. 16-18 • Although infection with B. bronchiseptica from modified live canine vaccines is considered a theoretical possibility, no laboratory confirmed cases of human infection have been reported despite more than 30 years of vaccine use in veterinary patients. One case report described a temporal association between exposure and development of a cough of undetermined aetiological cause. 19 Another case report described a solid organ transplant recipient with laboratory confirmed B. bronchiseptica pneumonia after contact with a recently vaccinated dog. 20 In this case the dog had recently been in a high risk environment for virulent B. bronchiseptica exposure (boarding), and no attempt was made to determine if the isolate from the patient was a vaccine strain or field strain.
Oronasal exposure to respiratory secretions should be avoided
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS • Despite frequent human exposure to B. bronchiseptica, zoonotic infections are rare and are typically associated with either pre-existing localised lower airway disease (e.g. patients with bronchiectasis) or underlying immunodeficiency syndromes. • Predisposing conditions include cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis,
CONTENTS
17 Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines
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