KEY CONSIDERATIONS 1. Despite frequent human exposure to B. bronchiseptica, zoonotic infections are rare, and typically associated with significant immunocompromise. 2. Vaccination of dogs using mucosal (oral or intranasal) vaccines to reduce likelihood of virulent B. bronchiseptica shedding is recommended. 3. Although laboratory confirmed cases of human infection associated with modified live canine B. bronchiseptica vaccine strains have not been documented, it would be prudent to ensure immunocompromised individuals are not present at the time of vaccination.
Owners should be advised as to the importance of good hand hygiene and educated on the potential zoonotic risk of kissing animals or allowing them to lick faces.
References: 1. Anderton, T.L., et al (2004) Ciliostasis is a key early event during colonization of canine tracheal tissue by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Microbiology, 150(9), 2843-2855. 2. Porter, J.F., et al (1991) Growth and survival of Bordetella bronchiseptica in natural waters and in buffered saline without added nutrients. Appl Environ Microbiol, 57(4), 1202-6. 3. Taylor-Mulneix, D.L., et al (2017) Bordetella bronchiseptica exploits the complex life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum as an amplifying transmission vector. PLoS biology, 15(4), e2000420. 4. IDEXX (2013) Technical Update. Australian and global RealPCR results indicate co-infections with multiple pathogens are common. 5. Nguyen, D., et al (2019) Feline upper respiratory tract infection and disease in Australia. J Feline Med Surg, 21(10), 973-978. 6. Egberink, H., et al (2009) Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg, 11(7), 610-614. 7. Gourkow, N., et al (2013) Descriptive epidemiology of upper respiratory disease and associated risk factors in cats in an animal shelter in coastal western Canada. Can Vet J, 54(2), 132. 8. Radhakrishnan, A., et al (2007) Community-acquired infectious pneumonia in puppies: 65 cases (1993-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 230(10), 1493-7. 9. Bemis, D.A., et al (1977) Pathogenesis of canine bordetellosis. J Infect Dis, 135(5), 753-62. 10. Coutts, A.J., et al (1996) Studies on natural transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats. Vet Microbiol, 48(1-2), 19-27.
11. Day, M., et al (2016) WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract, 57(1), E1. 12. Davis, R., et al (2007) Comparison of the mucosal immune response in dogs vaccinated with either an intranasal avirulent live culture or a subcutaneous antigen extract vaccine of Bordetella bronchiseptica. Vet Ther, 8(1), 32. 13. Stevens-Krebbers, A.H., et al (1999) Nosocomial transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica. J Hosp Infect, 43(4), 323-4. 14. Yacoub, A.T., et al (2014) Bordetella bronchiseptica in the immunosuppressed population–A case series and review. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis, 6(1). 15. de la Torre, M.J.L., et al (2012) Recurrent respiratory infection caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in an immunocompetent infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 31(9), 981-983. 16. Woolfrey, B.F., et al (1991) Human infections associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clin Microbiol Rev, 4(3), 243-55. 17. Belen, O., et al (2003) Postsurgical meningitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22(4), 380-381. 18. Dlamini, N.R., et al (2012) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and pneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. J Infect Dev Ctries, 6(07), 588-591. 19.wBerkelman, R.L., et al (2003) Human illness associated with use of veterinary vaccines. Clin Infect Dis, 37(3), 407-414. 20. Gisel, J., et al (2010) Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a kidney–pancreas transplant patient after exposure to recently vaccinated dogs. Transpl Infect Dis, 12(1), 73-76.
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Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines 18
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