CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE (Bartonella henselae )
• Bartonella are gram-negative, vector-borne intracellular bacteria that infect a range of mammalian hosts. More than 30 different species of Bartonella have been identified, each adapted to a primary mammalian reservoir host species, in which the organism is maintained, typically without causing clinical disease. 1 • The species most relevant to companion animal medicine are B. clarridgeiae , B. elizabethae, B. henselae, B. koehlerae, B. quintana, B. rochalimae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii , however the latter three species have not been identified in companion animals in Australia. • Bartonella henselae is a feline-adapted species and is primarily associated with cat- scratch disease (CSD) in humans. Bartonella henselae bacteraemia has also been reported in a range of other species, including dogs. A second species, B. clarridgeiae is also commonly found in cats (estimated 10-30% of Bartonella infections) and may result in a cat-scratch like disease in humans. • Dependent on the infecting species, Bartonell a infections in humans may be associated with a range of clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic infection, localised skin infection and lymphadenopathy (CSD), endocarditis, and neurological signs. More unusual and severe clinical manifestations may be seen in immunocompromised individuals.
ACAZAP RECOMMENDATIONS
measure. Scratches and open wounds should be covered with waterproof dressings. • For individuals who are at greater risk of disease, including the immunocompromised, selecting an appropriate companion animal is essential. Young and/or flea- infested kittens from rescue facilities are more likely to be bacteraemic. Adopting adult cats (greater than a year of age) from flea-free environments is preferred. • In a veterinary clinical setting care should be taken to avoid scratches and needle stick injuries. Appropriate handling and management of feline patients is essential to minimise the risk of bites or scratches that may transmit Bartonella. • Routine testing of cats for Bartonella carriage is not indicated.
• All cats and dogs should be administered effective flea control all year round. Environmental flea control may be required to deal with existing infestations. • Guidance regarding safe animal handling for pet owners is an essential part of client education. • Training and appropriate socialisation of pets is important to help avoid bites, scratches and licks. • Avoiding bites and rough play with kittens is recommended, particularly for at risk groups. Open wounds should be covered to avoid potential contact with cat saliva and flea dirt. • Good hygiene including washing hands thoroughly after handling pets and cleaning bite or scratch wounds immediately with soap and water is an important preventative
CONTENTS
28 Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines
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