IN HUMANS continued
of immunocompromised patients or relapsing human infection, treatment of household pets could be considered. A collaborative approach to case management between human healthcare professionals and veterinarians in these instances is recommended.
• Faecal coproantigen assays and faecal real-time PCR for Giardia spp. are increasingly supplanting wet preparation and light microscopy for the diagnosis of Giardia infection. • Human-to-animal transmission of Giardia is thought to be uncommon, however in the household setting
KEY CONSIDERATIONS 1. Dogs and cats are frequently infected with host-specific Giardia species, however they may also be infected with potentially zoonotic species. 2. Most human cases are thought to be acquired from direct or indirect human-to-human transmission. 3. Human-to-animal transmission is possible and should be considered in cases of relapsing human infections in households containing pet dogs or cats.
Although thought to be relatively low risk, Giardia positive dogs and cats should be considered as carrying potentially zoonotic species and owners must be advised as such. Appropriate precautions should be taken with such animals.
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14. Collins, G., et al (1987) Diagnosis and prevalence of Giardia spp in dogs and cats. Aust Vet J , 64(3), 89-90. 15. Palmer, C.S., et al (2008) Determining the zoonotic significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Australian dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol , 154(1-2), 142-147. 16. Uiterwijk, M., et al (2018) Comparing four diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in dogs using latent class analysis. Parasit Vectors , 11(1), 439. 17. Rendtorff, R.C., (1954) The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules. Am J Hyg , 59(2), 209-20. 18. Adam, E., et al (2016) Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011. Epidemiol Infect, 144(13), 2790-2801. 19. Pijnacker, R., et al (2016) Different risk factors for infection with Giardia lamblia assemblages A and B in children attending day-care centres. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , 35(12), 2005-2013. 20. Thompson, S., (1994) Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health , 30(3), 202. 21. Minetti, C., et al (2015) Case-control study of risk factors for sporadic giardiasis and parasite assemblages in north west England. J Clin Microbiol, 53(10), 3133-3140. 22. Rusdi, B., et al (2018) Carriage of critically important antimicrobial resistant bacteria and zoonotic parasites amongst camp dogs in remote Western Australian indigenous communities. Sci Rep , 8(1), 1-8. 23. Traub, R.J., et al (2004) Epidemiological and molecular evidence supports the zoonotic transmission of Giardia among humans and dogs living in the same community. Parasitology , 128(3), 253-262. 24. Jokipii, A., et al (1977) Prepatency of giardiasis. Lancet, 309(8021), 1095-1097. 25. Einarsson, E., et al (2016) An update on Giardia and giardiasis. Curr Opin Microbiol, 34, 47-52. 26. Heresi, G.P., et al (2000) Giardiasis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis , 11(3), 189-195. 27. Stark, D., et al (2009) Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population. Clin Microbiol Rev , 22(4), 634-650.
CONTENTS
48 Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines
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