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s offgu s mgs, bls ndd g ms All images, tables and diagrams have been created for this publication unless otherwise credited on the figure.
1. The three reference surfaces in geodesy 2. Mathematical Properties of an ellipse 3. The Relationship between Surfaces 4. Geographic Coordinate System
61. Straight plot of sensor readings 62. Adding a mathematical sine wave to the sensor readings 63. Diagram of the axial correction formula 64.‘ ogozon ’fo x lco c on 65. Establishing the unit vectors for each sensor axis 66. Extending the calculation for the unit vectors for each sensor axis 67. Correcting magnetic station observations 68. Forces acting on a finite element of drillpipe 69. Measuring thermal expansion of a typical drillpipe 70. Modelling deviation graphically 71. Plotting the normal distribution curves for two parameters 72. Normal distribution graph describing probabilities 73. Applying normal distribution modelling to a section of wellbore 74. Trajectory error calculations 75. Plotting the uncertainty 76. Calculating positional error
5. Ellipsoid Coordinate Reference Systems 6. Establishing an Astro-geodetic Datum 7. The World's Major Datum Blocks 8. Astro-geodetic datums in the Indonesian Archipelago 9a. The geoid and an outline of the geoid 9b. Ellipsoid attached to the Earth in two different places 9c.'Glob l’ ll pso d ched at the E h’s c n of m ss 9d. All three datums ellipsoids attached to the Earth 10. The application of the geocentric transformation 11. Increase in offset correction with depth and offset distance
12. Lat/long locations on different geodetic datums 13. Datum transformation parameters in China 14. The hierarchy of mapping.
77. Plotting the ellipse uncertainty 78. Plotting a matrix of covariances
15. Types of projection for various plane/orientation of surfaces 16. Transverse Mercator/Lambert Conformal Conic projection 17. The plane surface to the ellipsoid 18.M c o s s ‘Homolosn ’p oj c on 19. Example projection zones 20. Earths elliptical cross section 21. Map projection surface for parallel map North 22 . h ‘ on g nc ’Angl 22b. The three north references 22c. Combining all three 23. Worked examples of calculating grid direction and bearings. 24. Extended direction/bearing examples 25. Basic Earth internal layers 26. Elements of the magnetic field vector
79. Measured depth error - effect on North, East and TVD. 80. Effect of azimuth error on North and East elements 81. Variance Covariance matrix 82. Calculating and plotting the collision risk
83. The ellipse of uncertainty in 3D 84: ISCWSA error model schematic. 85: Error model axes definition. 86a/b/c: Axis Errors. 87. Definition of Separation Factor 88. Calculating separation factor – Separation Vector Method 89. Calculating separation factor – Pedal Curve Method 90. Scalar (expansion) method 91. Comparing the uncertainty envelopes for two calculation methods 92. Collision probability table 93. Example of a deep, close approach report 94. Fine scan interval graphic 95. Typical scanning interval report 96. Traveling Cylinder Plot - basic 97. Traveling Cylinder Plot – with marker points 98. Traveling Cylinder Plot – marker points and uncertainty area 99. High side referenced Traveling Cylinder Plot 100. Azimuth referenced Traveling Cylinder Plot 101. TVD Crop diagrams 102. Basic ladder plot 103. Ladder plot with uncertainty added 104. Ladder plot using inter-boundary separation only 105. Minimum risk planning wheel 106. Measured depth error effect on North, East and TVD 107. Smooth curve through the observed points to show North, East and TVD 108. Spotting inconsistencies in the survey from the plot 109. Plotting the dogleg severity against measured depth 110. Example well plan graph 111. Actual inclination against measured depth graph
27. Tracking Magnetic North Pole 28. Main field declination Jan 2010 29. Magnetic observatories 30. Magnetic Observatory locations 31. Diurnal field variation
32. Magnetic storm as seen from space 33. Example of a non-magnetic drill collar 34. Graphical representation of two types of toolface 35. Examples of pulser equipment 36. Typical toolface display 37. Example NMDC length selection chart
38. Magnetic field survey methods 39. Examples of IFR survey results 40. Typical software display of an IFR survey
41. Calibrating a marine observation frame on land 42. Tangential method to derive a shift in coordinates 43. Balanced Tangential Method 44. Methods of dealing with curvature 45. Minimum curvature method 46. Example drilling trajectories 47. Typical slide sheet 48. Representation of a basic gyrocompass 49. Schematic representation of a two axis gyroscope 50. Illustration of gyroscopic precession 51. Dynamically tuned gyroscope 52. lcul ng h E h’s of o on 53. Measuring azimuth 54. Instrument configuration with accelerometers 55. Calibration stand 56. Sag correction schematic 57. Typical sag correction software output 58. Typical sag sheet 59. Drillstring magnetisation 60. Examples of axis components of magnetometers
112. Unwanted curvature accumulation graph 113. ‘ g ng’ fo coll s on o d nc pl nn ng 114. Graphic of separation factor calculation 115. Estimating the range from a magnetic source 116. How the uncertainty forms on the ranging shot
117. Ranging on crowded platforms 118. Relief well penetration point 119. Satellite positioning 120. GPS considerations on vessels
121. Baseline Acoustic Array 122. Networked Acoustic Array 123. Reading a permanent seabed AT by vessel 124. Wellhead and Platform coordinates
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