Aneurysm
An aneurysm describes a localized __________________ of a blood vessel wall. This occurs due to weakness of the wall, or due to a congenital defect of the vessel. The presence of an aneurysm predisposes the vessel to ____________________ and haemorrhage, and the ischemic necrosis of the tissue supplied by the affected vessel.
Vascular Spasm
Vascular spasm is the term used to describe the pathological contraction and constriction of a blood vessel.
Hyperemia
In general, hyperemia describes an increase in blood volume due to dilation of blood vessels. There are 2 types of hyperemia recognized: Active Hyperemia Active hyperemia describes the increased _________________ flow to an area. This may be physiologic, as in the increased blood flow to muscles during exercise, or may be pathological such as inflammation and _________________ . Passive Hyperemia Passive hyperemia describes a decrease in local ____________________ drainage, which causes congestion of the tissue. Cardiac failure or the obstruction of a vein causes blood to back up in the tissue, preventing the inflow of arterial blood. The area affected by passive hyperemia will appear __________________ , will feel cool and may appear swollen or distended.
Haemorrhage
Haemorrhage describes the _____________________ from the cardiovascular system. Blood loss can be to the external environment, for example a bleeding cut, or can be to the internal environment, as might occur with a perforating ulcer. The body is able to compensate for blood loss of up to _________________ of the normal circulating volume, but losses in excess of 20% cause hypovolemic shock.
Haematoma
Hematoma describes a localized __________________ of blood in a body tissue. Bleeding into a tissue causes dysfunction of that tissue and inflammation of the surrounding area.
Haemothorax
Haemothorax describes an accumulation of blood in the ________________ cavity. The accumulated blood puts pressure on the structures and viscera of the thoracic cavity impairing the function of these structures.
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