Haemopericardium
Haemopericardium describes the accumulation of blood in the ___________________ . The pressure from accumulated blood impairs the ability of the heart to contract, reducing the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body.
Haemoperitoneum
Haemoperitoneum describes an accumulation of blood in the ________________ cavity. Haemoperitoneum can be caused by perforating ulcers or rupture of the blood vessels supplying the abdominal organs. Accumulated blood causes inflammation of the peritoneum, leading to the formation of adhesions between the abdominal organs and the peritoneum.
Haemarthrosis
Haemarthrosis describes the accumulation of blood in a _______________ . This can be caused by a penetrating wound, or by the erosion of joint structures.
Cyanosis
Cyanosis describes a blue/purple tinge to the skin, mucous membranes and the conjunctivae caused by ___________________ . The skin appears blue due to an increase in deoxygenated haemoglobin in blood. Cyanosis occurs in two ways. Central cyanosis is caused by _______________ hypoxia and is seen as blue skin and mucus membranes. A circulatory or pulmonary problem leads to poor blood oxygenation in the lungs which leads to arterial oxygen saturation dropping below ______________ %. Causes include pneumonia, COPD, asphyxiation & heart failure. Peripheral cyanosis is caused by _________________________ ischemia or inadequate circulation and is seen as a blue-ish hue of the extremities. Oxygen rich blood is not reaching the periphery resulting in ischemia. Causes include poor circulation (ie: cold) or an obstruction plus any central cyanosis causes.
Cyanosis is difficult to see in the skin of animals as they tend to have dark skin and be hair covered, however cyanosis of the mucous membranes is clearly detectable.
Edema
Edema is used to describe the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the _______________ , or within body cavities. General edema, called _______________, is seen as swelling of the ventral chest and abdomen, the sheath, the limbs and the ventral aspect of the head. Edema of the head is referred to as hydrocephalus, edema of the thoracic cavity is referred to as hydrothorax, and edema of the abdominal cavity is referred to as hydroperitoneum or ascites.
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