Most terms ending in the suffix “-itis” refer to the edema of the body part indicated by the root of the word. For example, pleuritis refers to edema of the pleura, vasculitis refers to edema of the blood vessels, and arthritis refers to edema in a joint. Common causes of edema include pleuritis, vasculitis, lymphangitis, pregnancy, hepatitis, nephritis, starvation, hypoproteinemia, cardiac failure and peripheral congestion. _________________ edema is a severe form of edema that involves the secretion of fibrotic exudate into a tissue. Pitted edema is seen when there is an imprint left in skin after digital pressure is applied then removed.
The mechanisms of edema formation are:
Increased capillary ________________ pressure Decreased colloidal ___________________ pressure in the vessels Lymphatic obstruction __________________ retention of sodium and water Increased vessel __________________ due to the presence of inflammatory mediators
Shock
Shock is defined as the systemic ________________________ of the vital tissues and organs. This generally is caused by a sudden decrease in blood pressure. Systemic hypoperfusion results in ischemia and hypoxia of the tissues and organs causing a decrease in the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the tissues. This causes a reduction in the function of the tissues and if hypoperfusion is severe it can lead to the ischemic necrosis of tissues. Clinically shock is seen as congestion of the mucous membranes, cold extremities, disorientation, ataxia, sycophant, coma and death. Shock should be treated as a ________________________ and immediate first aid care should include keeping the horse warm, the administration of IV fluids, plasma transfusion and the restriction of movement.
Shock is categorized into types:
Hypovolemic shock is caused by the severe loss of
.
Haemorrhagic shock is caused by ____________________ blood loss. Cardiogenic shock is caused by the inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood to the vital organs. Neurogenic shock is caused by the loss of ________________________ innervation of the blood vessels causing systemic vasodilation. Septic shock is caused by blood _____________________________ causing decreased heart function and obstruction of the blood vessels.
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