CHAPTER 29: VASCULAR DISEASE
Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis
Thrombosis refers to a blood clot within a blood vessel. Thrombophlebitis describes the inflammation of a __________ due to a blood clot. Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis can be caused by septicemia, mechanical trauma, or parasitic damage within a blood vessel. Damage to the wall of a blood vessel causes the accumulation of haematogenous materials, such as __________, thrombocytes and clotting factors, with in a vessel. When these materials accumulate, they form a mass, called a thrombus, which can fully or partially obstruct the lumen of the blood vessel. The portion of the blood vessel distal to the thrombus becomes inflamed due to ___________ of the vessel endothelium and the associated tissues causing thrombophlebitis. Trauma to the blood vessels from parasites, infection or drugs predisposes the vessel to thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. ________________ of the blood by the pressure caused by slings or casts predisposes for thrombosis, and dehydration and anaesthetic predisposes for stagnation of the blood flow. Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis are seen clinically as congestion and inflammation of the tissues ____________ to the site of thrombosis, pain on palpation at the site of thrombosis, haemorrhage into the tissues around the site if thrombosis and heat at the site of thrombosis. Diagnosis is made through clinical signs and symptoms and through ultrasound to isolate the site of thrombosis. Treatment includes the administration of anticoagulants such as _____________ , and fibrolytic agents to break up the thrombus. Prognosis is guarded as long-sanding thrombi may result in ischemic necrosis of body tissues or thrombi may dislodge from the site of origin and move to blood vessels supplying vital organs.
Thrombosis of the Jugular vein
Thrombosis of the jugular vein is a common complication of venipuncture & __________ & is therefore an iatrogenic condition. Insertion of a needle or the injection of irritating substances into the jugular vein causes inflammation and damage to the vein wall. Damage to the vein wall triggers the coagulation cascade leading to the formation of thrombi and subsequent thrombophlebitis.
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