Poor injection technique or _______________ injection conditions increase the amount of damage to the vein wall and therefore increase the chance of thrombus formation. Prolonged catheterization increases the chance of infection and the injection of irritating substances such as penicillin increases the chance of damage to the vessel wall. Thrombosis of the jugular vein is seen clinically as visible swelling of the jugular vein, palpable firmness and thickening of the jugular wall, pain on palpation of the affected jugular vein and congestion and edema of the _______________. Diagnosis of jugular vein thrombosis is made through clinical signs and symptoms and through ultrasound. Treatment includes rest, heparin, fibrolytic medications and NSAID’s. The topical application of DOMSO may be useful in decreasing the inflammation and pain. Prognosis is guarded as small thrombi may resolve completely while some thrombi may dislodge from the jugular vein and cause thrombus or embolism in the vena cava leading to death.
Aortoiliac Thrombosis (AIT)
Aortoiliac thrombosis describes the formation of a thrombus in the dorsal aorta or one of its major branches, the internal and external __________ arteries. Aortoiliac thrombosis is idiopathic, though there is strong evidence linking it to migration of Strongyles vulgaris larvae. Occasionally aortoiliac thrombosis has been linked to systemic infection or damage from medications. The formation of a thrombus or thrombi in the dorsal aorta or in the internal or external iliac arteries causes reduced perfusion to the _______________. This leads to hypoxia and ischemic necrosis of the tissues of the hind limb. Damage is more severe in the muscle tissue during as exercise increases the metabolic demands of the muscle tissue. There are no recognized predispositions for aortoiliac thrombosis though clinical reports show more incidents of aortoiliac thrombosis in racehorses and geldings. The clinical presentation of aortoiliac thrombosis includes pulse deficit in the hind limb(s), weak pulse in the metatarsal artery, hind limb _________________ that is exacerbated by exercise.
Aortoiliac thrombosis is diagnosed through ultrasound and rectal palpation.
Treatment includes heparin, fibrolytic agents, NSAID’s and rest.
Prognosis is guarded as the damage to the vessel wall is permanent and predisposed the site to recurrent and progressive episodes of thrombosis.
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