Neutrophilia is a term used to indicate an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils. It indicates _________________ infection, trauma causing tissue necrosis, EVA, or corticosteroid use. Neutropenia is a term used to indicate a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophils. This is indicative of overwhelming bacterial infection, especially Gram- negative septicemia or ______________ . Eosinophilia indicates an increase in the number of circulating eosinophils. This is indicative of parasitic infection or _____________ reactions. Lymphocytosis describes an increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes. It is indicative of _______________ inflammation or chronic infection. Lymphopenia is a term used to describe a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes. This indicates stress, corticosteroid use, EVA, or hereditary immunodeficiency disease, which is seen in Arabian foals. Monocytosis indicates an increase in the number of circulating monocytes. It is indicative of chronic ___________________ inflammation, corticosteroid use and stress.
Coagulation Disorders
Genetic deficiencies in the coagulation factors lead to the inability to form thrombi.
Hereditary _________________________ in the genes that code for various clotting factors are known to exist in the horse. These coagulation factors play a role in mediating either the intrinsic or extrinsic, coagulation cascades and are essential for the formation of a blood clot. Breed and familial predispositions are known to be linked to specific clotting factors. For example, the genetic mutation of factor VII is known in Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, Quarter Horses and Arabians, mutation of factor X, known as von Willebrand’s disease, is known in Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses, and prekallikrien deficiency is known in Belgian draft horses and miniature horses. Deficiencies and mutations in factor IX are also known in the horse; however, deficiencies of this factor do not result in the failure to clot. The clinical manifestation of a coagulation disorder is prolonged ________________ and spontaneous haemorrhage. ______________ injuries or the wound caused by venipuncture may bleed indefinitely and more serious injury or surgery may result in hemorrhagic shock or death. Death shortly after birth may occur due to uncontrolled haemorrhage form the umbilicus. Coagulation disorders may be diagnosed through genetic analysis. Affected individual are not recommended for breeding as the mutation may be passed down to their offspring. There is no treatment available to correct the genetic mutation causing coagulation disorders though research into gene therapy may hold promise for a cure in the future. If haemorrhage does occur in an individual affected by a genetic coagulation disorder, it must be treated with the administration of ____________ until the wound has clotted.
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