pericardial sac is referred to as
and serous fluid in the abdominal
cavity is called
.
Hydrothorax is usually related to end-stage hepatic failure, but other conditions can also result in pleural effusion. Accumulation of blood in the thorax is called , and is often a result of trauma to the thorax. Pyothorax is an accumulation of pus in the thoracic cavity related to infection of the chest or lungs. Hydropericardium is seen with congestive heart failure, valvular defects within the heart, renal failure or severe hepatic disease. On radiograph, the shadow of the heart is enlarged, encroaching on the area normally occupied by the lungs. Heart sounds and pulse may remain normal; however, dyspnea and persistent cough are often associated with hydropericardium. Hydroperitonium is also called . Most frequently hydroperitoneum is seen with hepatopathies such as cirrhosis or portal vein obstruction, but also be related to renal or cardiac dysfunction. Some types of cancer, most notably cancer of mast cells, may result in hydroperitoneum. Extreme starvation is another cause of hydroperitoneum. When the intake of nutrients is severely limited, the body is unable to produce plasma proteins. Without sufficient plasma proteins the oncotic pressure of blood is vastly reduced, and fluid moves from the vessels into the body cavities. is a condition where starvation is accompanied by edema and hydroperitoneum resulting in distension and bloating of the belly. Signs and symptoms of hydroperitoneum include abdominal distension, muffled percussion of the abdomen and, when the individual is shifted from side to side, a “wave roll” is detectable in the abdomen as the fluid moves. , water joint is seen when there is an excess production of synovial fluid due to weak or unstable joints. The surrounding membrane becomes irritated, so the joint spaces fill with fluid.
Fibrinous Inflammation
Fibrinous inflammation is seen with more severe disease or injury. The fluid has cellular and protein content. Increased vascular permeability allows fibrin and fibrinogen to seep out of blood vessels and permits fibroblasts to enter the site of injury. onto fibrin “scaffolds” to repair tissue, and then the fibrin is removed, leaving a connective tissue scar. With prolonged fibrinous exudate, the fibroblasts secrete excess collagen and the removal of fibrin is blocked. The combination of collagen and fibrin outside of the tissue defect forms in surrounding normal tissue. Adhesions can reduce the function of tissue and may cause pain. In the normal healing process fibroblasts secrete As adhesions or scars mature the protein filaments are rearranged and shortened causing the tissue to contract. In tissues where elasticity is required the presence of scarring or adhesions may limit range of motion and disrupt the normal function of that tissue. It is important to also keep in mind that scars have a tensile strength that is less than that of normal tissue. In areas
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