Phase 2: Secretion of Healing Factors After attaching, the MSCs act like living pharmacies, releasing bioactive compounds that reduce inflammation and stimulate regeneration. These include:
Anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 and PGE2, which calm the immune system
Growth factors like IGF-1, VEGF, HGF, and FGF2, which promote cellular repair and new tissue formation Mitochondrial transfer, which helps restore energy to injured cells by donating healthy mitochondria
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Exosomes and microRNAs, which are tiny vesicles that enter damaged cells and reprogram their function at the genetic level
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Phase 3: Remodeling and Regeneration
As inflammation subsides and repair factors are released, the MSCs stimulate the regeneration of functional tissue. Local cells are activated, scar tissue begins to dissolve, and new structural proteins are synthesized. Over time, the treated area becomes less inflamed, more functional, and better able to support movement.
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