Machinery's Handbook, 31st Edition
Mathematical Signs and Abbreviations Mathematical Signs and Commonly Used Abbreviations
2829
+
Plus (sign of addition)
Pi (3.1416)
π Σ ω
+ Positive
Sigma (sign of summation)
Minus (sign of subtraction)
Omega
−
Acceleration due to gravity (32.16 ft/s 2 or 9.81 m/s 2 )
Negative
g
−
1 − ^ h
Plus or minus (minus or plus) Multiplied by (multiplication sign) Multiplied by (multiplication sign)
i (or j )
± ( 7 )
Imaginary quantity
sin Sine
3
·
cos tan cot sec
Cosine Tangent Cotangent Secant Cosecant Versed sine
Divided by (division sign) Divided by (division sign) Is to (in proportion)
÷
/ :
= ≠ ≡
Equals
csc vers
Is not equal to Is identical to
covers Coversed sine
sin − 1 a arcsin a or asin a
Approximately equals
Angle the sine of which is a
@ or ≈
> Greater than < Less than
(sin a ) − 1 Reciprocal of sin a (1 ÷ sin a ) sin n x n th power of sin x
Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Approaches as a limit; implies
sinh x cosh x
Hyperbolic sine of x Hyperbolic cosine of x Delta (increment of) Delta (variation of)
≥ ≤
→
Δ
Varies directly as
∝
δ d ∂
Therefore
Differential (in calculus) Partial differentiation (in calculus)
\
::
Equals (in proportion)
a
Square root of a
Integral (in calculus)
∫
b a ∫
a 3 a 4 a n
Cube root of a
Integral between the limits
a and b
Factorial, n ( n − 1)...(2)(1); 0! = 1; 1! = 1 Ex: 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
4th root of a
n !
n th root of a (also a 1/ n ) a squared (2nd power of a ) a cubed (3rd power of a )
Angle
∠
Right angle
a 2 a 3 a 4 a n
z ⊥ ∆
Perpendicular to
4th power of a n th power of a
Triangle
Circle
s
Parallelogram
1 ÷ a n
a − n
~
n 1
Reciprocal value of n
Degree (circular arc or temperature)
°
log Logarithm
Minutes or feet Seconds or inches
′
Natural or Napierian logarithm Natural or Napierian logarithm Base of natural logarithms (2.71828) Limit value (of an expression)
log e
″
a prime
ln
a ′ a ″ a 1 a 2 a n ( ) [ ]
a double prime
e
a sub one a sub two
lim
Infinity Alpha Gamma Theta Beta
∞ α
a sub n
Parentheses Brackets
commonly used to denote angles
β
γ
{ }
Braces
θ φ μ
Phi
Absolute value of K , size of K irrespective of sign
K
Mu (coefficient of friction)
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