BOLTS, SCREWS, AND NUTS INCH THREADED FASTENERS Machinery's Handbook, 31st Edition
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Dimensions of bolts, screws, nuts, and washers used in machine construction are given here. For data on thread forms, see the section SCREW THREAD SYSTEMS starting on page 1940. American Square and Hexagon Bolts, Screws, and Nuts.— The 1941 American Standard ASA B18.2 covered head dimensions only. In 1952 and 1955 the Standard was revised to cover the entire product. Some bolt and nut classifications were simplified by elimination or consolidation in agreements reached with the British and Canadians. In 1965 ASA B18.2 was redesignated into two standards: B18.2.1 covering square and hexagon bolts and screws including hexagon cap screws and lag screws and B18.2.2 covering square and hexagon nuts. In B18.2.1-1965, hexagon head cap screws and finished hexagon bolts were consolidated into a single product; heavy semifinished hexagon bolts and heavy fin - ished hexagon bolts were consolidated into a single product; regular semifinished hexa gon bolts were eliminated; a new tolerance pattern for all bolts and screws and a positive identification procedure for determining whether an externally threaded product should be designated as a bolt or screw were established. Also included in this standard are heavy hexagon bolts and heavy hexagon structural bolts. In B18.2.2-1965, regular semifinished nuts were discontinued; regular hexagon and heavy hexagon nuts in sizes 1 ∕ 4 through 1 inch, finished hexagon nuts in sizes larger than 1 1 ∕ 2 inches, washer-faced semifinished style of finished nuts in sizes 5 ∕ 8 -inch and smaller and heavy series nuts in sizes 7 ∕ 16 -inch and smaller were eliminated. Further revisions and refinements include the addition of a skew head bolts and hex head lag screws and the specifying of countersunk diameters for the various hex nuts. Heavy hex structural bolts and heavy hex nuts were moved to a new structural applications standard, ANSI/ASME B18.2.6-2019, Fasteners for Use in Structural Applications . Additionally, B18.2.1 has been revised to allow easier conformance to Public Law 101- 592. All these changes are reflected in ANSI/ASME B18.2.1-2012, and ANSI/ASME B18.2.2-2015. Unified Square and Hexagon Bolts, Screws, and Nuts.— Items that are recognized in the Standard as “unified” dimensionally with British and Canadian standards are shown in bold-face in certain tables. The other items in the same tables are based on formulas accepted and published by the British for sizes outside the ranges listed in their standards which, as a matter of informa tion, are BS 1768:1963 (obsolescent) for Precision (Normal Series) Unified Hexagon Bolts, Screws, Nuts (UNC and UNF Threads) and BS 1769 and amendments for Black (Heavy Series) Unified Hexagon Bolts, etc. Tolerances applied to comparable dimensions of American and British Unified bolts and nuts may differ because of rounding off prac tices and other factors. Differentiation between Bolt and Screw.— A bolt is an externally threaded fastener de- signed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and is normally intended to be tightened or released by torquing a nut. A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assem bled parts, of mating with a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread and of being tightened or released by torquing the head. An externally threaded fastener which is prevented from being turned during assembly, and which can be tightened or released only by torquing a nut is a bolt . ( Example: round head bolts, track bolts, plow bolts.) An externally threaded fastener that has a thread form which prohibits assembly with a nut having a straight thread of multiple pitch length is a screw . ( Example: wood screws, tapping screws.)
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