Machinery's Handbook, 31st Edition
Files and Burs 1053 triangular section, are tapered, are single cut and are used for filing saws with 60-degree angle teeth. They come in taper, slim taper, extra-slim taper and double-extra-slim taper thicknesses. Blunt triangular and blunt hand-saw files are without taper; and 6) Web saw files have a diamond-shaped section, a blunt outline, are single cut and are used for sharp- ening pulpwood or web saws. Machinists’ Files: These files are used throughout industry where metal must be re- moved rapidly and finish is of secondary importance. Except for certain exceptions in the round and half-round shapes, all are double cut. 7) Flat files have a rectangular section, are tapered in width and thickness, are cut on both sides and edges, and are used for general utility work; 8) Half-round files have a circular segmental section, are tapered in width and thickness, have their flat side double cut, their rounded side mostly double but some- times single cut, and are used to file rounded holes, concave corners, etc., in general filing work; 9) Hand files are similar to flat files but taper in thickness only. One edge is uncut or “safe.”; and 10) Knife files have a “knife-blade” section, are tapered in width only, are double cut, and are used by tool and die makers on work having acute angles. Machinist’s general purpose files have a rectangular section, are tapered and have single-cut teeth divided by angular serrations that produce short cutting edges. These edges help stock removal but still leave a smooth finish and are suitable for use on various materials, including aluminum, bronze, cast iron, malleable iron, mild steels and annealed tool steels. 11) Pillar files are similar to hand files but are thicker and not as wide; 12) Round files have a circular section, are tapered, single cut, and are generally used to file circular openings or curved surfaces; 13) Square files have a square section, are tapered, and are used for filing slots and keyways, and for general surface filing where a heavier section is pre- ferred; 14) Three-square files have an equilateral triangular section and are tapered on all sides. They are double cut and have sharp corners, as contrasted with taper triangular files, which are single cut and have somewhat rounded corners. They are used for filing ac- curate internal angles, for clearing out square corners, and for filing taps and cutters; and 15) Warding files have a rectangular section, and taper in width to a narrow point. They are used for general narrow-space filing. Wood files are made in the same sections as flat and half round files but with coarser teeth especially suited for working on wood.
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Fig. 1. Styles of Mill or Saw Files Curved-Tooth Files: Regular curved-tooth files are made in both rigid and flexible forms. The rigid type has either a tang for a conventional handle or is made plain with a hole at each end for mounting in a special holder. The flexible type is furnished for use in special holders only. Curved-tooth files come in standard fine and smooth cuts and in
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