Thermal Properties of Materials Machinery's Handbook, 31st Edition
373
Table 12. Freezing Mixtures
Temperature Change, ° F Temperature Change, ° C From To From To
Mixture
Common salt (NaCl), 1 part; snow, 3 parts Common salt (NaCl), 1 part; snow, 1 part Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), 3 parts; snow, 2 parts Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), 2 parts; snow, 1 part
32 32 32 32
0 0 0 0
± 0
− 17.8
− 0.4
− 18
− 27 − 44
− 32.8 − 42.2 − 12.2
Sal ammoniac (NH 4 Cl), 5 parts; saltpeter (KNO 3 ), 5 parts; water, 16 parts Sal ammoniac (NH 4 Cl), 1 part; saltpeter (KNO 3 ), 1 part; water, 1 part
50 +10
10
46
7.8 − 23.9
− 11
Ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ), 1 part; water, 1 part Potassium hydrate (KOH), 4 parts; snow, 3 parts
50 +3
10
− 16.1
32
0
− 35 − 37.2 Ignition Temperatures.— The following temperatures are required to ignite the differ- ent substances specified: Phosphorus, transparent, 120 ° F (49 ° C); bisulfide of carbon, 300 ° F (149 ° C); gun cotton, 430 ° F (221 ° C); nitroglycerine, 490 ° F (254 ° C); phosphorus, amorphous, 500 ° F (260 ° C); rifle powder, 550 ° F (288 ° C); charcoal, 660 ° F (349 ° C); dry pine wood, 800 ° F (427 ° C); dry oak wood, 900 ° F (482 ° C). Table 13. Typical Thermal Properties of Various Metals
Melting Point, ° F
Conduc tivity, k Btu/ hr-ft- ° F
Specific Heat, C
Coeff. of Expansion, a
Density, r
Material and Alloy Designation a
lb/in 3
g/cc solidus liquidus
Btu/lb/ ° F m in/in- ° F
m m/m- ° C
Aluminum Alloys
2011 2017 2024 3003 5052 5086 6061 7075
0.102 2.823 995 1190 0.101 2.796 995 1185 0.100 2.768 995 1180 0.099 2.740 1190 1210 0.097 2.685 1100 1200 0.096 2.657 1085 1185 0.098 2.713 1080 1200 0.101 2.796 890 1180 0.302 8.359 1590 1630 0.321 8.885 1941 1981 0.323 8.941 1924 1967 0.298 8.249 1590 1800 0.321 8.885 1958 1967 0.323 8.941 1750 1975 Copper-Base Alloys 0.316 8.747 1810 1880 0.313 8.664 1680 1750 0.306 8.470 1660 1710 0.303 8.387 1650 1660 0.310 8.581 1660 1720 0.306 8.470 1630 1670 0.307 8.498 1630 1660 0.307 8.498 1630 1650 0.304 8.415 1630 1650 0.304 8.415 1630 1650 0.320 8.858 1750 1920 0.276 7.640 1905 1915 0.269 7.446 1880 1900 0.274 7.584 1895 1930 0.314 8.691 1870 2030
82.5 99.4 109.2
0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
12.8 13.1 12.9 12.9 13.2 13.2 13.0 13.1 11.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.2 10.4 11.1 11.3 9.8 9.8 11.6 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.8 9.9
23.0 23.6 23.2 23.2 23.8 23.8 23.4 23.6 21.2 17.6 17.8 17.8 17.6 17.6 18.4 18.7 20.0 20.3 20.9 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.5 20.9 21.2 17.8 17.3 16.2 16.6 16.2 16.2
111
80 73
104
70
Manganese Bronze
61
C11000 (Electrolytic tough pitch) C14500 (Free machining Cu) C17200, C17300 (Beryllium Cu) C18200 (Chromium Cu) C23000 (Red brass, 85%) C26000 (Cartridge brass, 70%) C27000 (Yellow brass) C28000 (Muntz metal, 60%) C18700 (Leaded Cu) C33000 (Low-leaded brass tube) C35300 (High-leaded brass) C35600 (Extra-high-leaded brass) C36000 (Free machining brass) C36500 (Leaded Muntz metal) C46400 (Naval brass) C51000 (Phosphor bronze, 5% A) C62300 (Aluminum bronze, 9%) C62400 (Aluminum bronze, 11%)
226 205 187 218 109 62
C22000 (Commercial bronze, 90%) 0.318 8.802 1870 1910
92 70 67 71 67 67 67 67 71 67 40 50
C54400 (Free cutting phos. bronze) 0.321 8.885 1700 1830
9.6 9.0 9.2 9.0 9.0
31.4 33.9 21.8
C63000 (Ni-Al bronze)
Nickel-Silver
17
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