Machinery's Handbook, 31st Edition
378 Specific Gravity a The weight per cubic foot or cubic meter is calculated on the basis of the specific gravity except for those substances that occur in bulk, heaped, or loose form. In these instances, only the weights per cubic foot and cubic meter are given because the voids present in representative samples make the values of the specific gravities inaccurate. Average Weights and Volumes of Solid Fuels Material lb/ft 3 ft 3 /ton (2240 lb) kg/m 3 lb/bushel m 3 /t Anthracite coal 55–65 34–41 881–1041 67 (80 a ) 0.96–1.14 Bituminous coal 50–55 41–45 801–881 78–86 (80 a ) 1.14–1.25 Charcoal 18–18.5 121–124 288–296 22–23 (20 a ) 3.37–3.47 Coke 28 80 449 35 (40 a ) 2.23 a Legal commodities weight/bushel defined by statute in some states. Note: t = metric ton = 1000 kg; ton = US ton of 2000 lbs; a gross or long ton = 2240 lbs. Specific Gravity of Gases.— The specific gravity of gases is the number that indicates their weight in comparison with that of an equal volume of air. The specific gravity of air is 1, and the comparison is made at 32 ° F (0 ° C). Values are given in Table 16. Table 16. Specific Gravity of Gases At 32 ° F (0 ° C) Gas Sp. Gr. Gas Sp. Gr. Gas Sp. Gr. Air a 1.000 Ether vapor 2.586 Marsh gas 0.555 Acetylene 0.920 Ethylene 0.967 Nitrogen 0.971 Alcohol vapor 1.601 Hydrofluoric acid 2.370 Nitric oxide 1.039 Ammonia 0.592 Hydrochloric acid 1.261 Nitrous oxide 1.527 Carbon dioxide 1.520 Hydrogen 0.069 Oxygen 1.106 Carbon monoxide 0.967 Illuminating gas 0.400 Sulfur dioxide 2.250 Chlorine 2.423 Mercury vapor 6.940 Water vapor 0.623 a 1 cubic foot of air at 32°F and atmospheric pressure weighs 0.0807 pound. 1 cubic meter of air at 0°C and atmospheric pressure weighs 1.29 kg. Specific Gravity of Liquids.— The specific gravity of liquids is the number that indicates how much a certain volume of the liquid weighs compared with an equal volume of water, the same as with solid bodies. Specific gravity of various liquids is given in Table 17. The density of liquid is often expressed in degrees on the hydrometer, an instrument for determining the density of liquids that is provided with graduations made to an arbitrary scale. The hydrometer consists of a glass tube with a bulb at one end containing air and arranged with a weight at the bottom so as to float in an upright position in the liquid, the density of which is to be measured. The depth to which the hydrometer sinks in the liquid is read off on the graduated scale. The most commonly used hydrometer is the Baumé, see Table 18 . The value of the degrees of the Baumé scale differs according to whether the liquid is heavier or lighter than water. The specific gravity for liquids heavier than water equals 145 4 (145 − degrees Baumé). For liquids lighter than water, the specific gravity equals 140 4 (130 + degrees Baumé). Table 17. Specific Gravity of Liquids Liquid Sp. Gr. Liquid Sp. Gr. Liquid Sp. Gr. Liquid Sp. Gr. Acetic acid 1.06 Cotton-seed oil 0.93 Naphtha 0.76 Tar 1.00 Alcohol, commercial 0.83 Ether, sulfuric 0.72 Nitric acid 1.50 Turpentine oil 0.87 Alcohol, pure 0.79 Fluoric acid 1.50 Olive oil 0.92 Vinegar 1.08 Ammonia 0.89 Gasoline 0.70 Palm oil 0.97 Water 1.00 Benzine 0.69 Kerosene 0.80 Petroleum oil 0.82 Water, sea 1.03 Bromine 2.97 Linseed oil 0.94 Phosphoric acid 1.78 Whale oil 0.92 Carbolic acid 0.96 Mineral oil 0.92 Rape oil 0.92 Carbon disulfide 1.26 Muriatic acid 1.20 Sulfuric acid 1.84
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