2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Chapter
1. Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Constructing Frequency Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 2. CrossTabulations.............................33 3. Cumulative Frequency Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 a. Relative Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 b. Absolute and Relative Cumulative Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 4. Graphing Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 a. Histogram.....................................37 b. Charts and Graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 i. BarChart...................................39 ii. Pareto Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 iii. PieChart...................................41 iv. Time Series Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 5. Misleading Charts and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 6. Measures of Central Tendency (or Location) . . . . . . . .43 a. Mean.........................................43 b. Arithmetic Mean, Weighted Mean, and Geometric Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 c. Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 d. Mode.........................................48 e. Relative Positions of Mean, Median, and Mode. . . . . . . .49 7. Measures of Dispersion (or Variation). . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 a. Range........................................50 b. Mean Deviation (or Mean Dispersion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 c. Variance and Standard Deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 d. Coefficient of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 8. Uses of Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 a. Chebyshev’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 b. Empirical Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 9. Measures of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 a. Quartiles......................................57 b. Deciles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 c. Percentiles....................................58 10. Moments of Statistical Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 a. Mean and Variance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 b. Skewness.....................................60 c. Kurtosis.......................................62 1. Probability, Experiment, Outcome, and Event . . . . . . . .76 2. Conceptual Approaches to Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 a. Objective Probability .............................77 b. SubjectiveProbability............................78 3. Addition and Multiplication Rules of Probability . . . . . .79 a. Addition Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 b. Multiplication Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 4. Contingency Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 5. CountingRules...............................84 a. ProductRule...................................84 b. Permutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 c. Combination...................................85 d. Application of Counting Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 6. Probability Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Random Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 7. Discrete Probability Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 a. Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 b. Binomial Probability Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 c. Poisson Probability Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 8. Continuous Probability Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 a. Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Continuous Probability Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 b. Uniform Probability Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 c. Normal Probability Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 d. Standard Normal Probability Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 e. Exponential Probability Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 1. Sampling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 a. Non-probabilitySampling........................119 i. PurposiveSampling.........................119 ii. Convenience Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 iii. QuotaSampling............................119 b. ProbabilitySampling............................120 i. Simple Random Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 ii. Systematic Random Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 iii. Stratified Random Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 iv. Cluster Random Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 v. Multistage Random Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 2. Sample Size Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 3. Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means. . . . . . . .125 4. Central Limit Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 1. Point Estimates and Interval Estimates . . . . . . . . . . .142 a. Point Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 b. Interval Estimate and Confidence Interval ...........143 i. Confidence Interval
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
2023 04-AC-00055-0 978-621-04-4666-1 BS Accountancy
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SCAN ME
CONTENTS
CONTENTS 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS Chapter
1. Definition of Statistics ...........................3 2. Division of Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 a. Descriptive Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 b. Inferential Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 3. Importance of Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4. Population and Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 5. Parameter and Statistic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 6. Quality of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 7. Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 a. Construct and Variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 b. Quantitative Variable and Qualitative Variable. . . . . . . . . .7 c. Discrete Variable and Continuous Variable . . . . . . . . . . . .8 d. Dummy Variable and Latent Variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 8. Levels of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 a. Nominal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 b. Ordinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 c. Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 d. Ratio.........................................12 9. Classification of Statistical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 a. ParametricStatistics.............................13 b. NonparametricStatistics..........................13 10. Types of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 a. Cross-Section..................................14 b. Time Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 c. PanelData....................................17 11. Ethical Use of Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 1. Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Constructing Frequency Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 2. CrossTabulations.............................33 3. Cumulative Frequency Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 a. Relative Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 b. Absolute and Relative Cumulative Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 4. Graphing Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 a. Histogram.....................................37 b. Charts and Graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 i. BarChart...................................39 ii. Pareto Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 iii. PieChart...................................41 iv. Time Series Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 5. Misleading Charts and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 6. Measures of Central Tendency (or Location) . . . . . . . .43 a. Mean.........................................43 b. Arithmetic Mean, Weighted Mean, and Geometric Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 c. Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 d. Mode.........................................48 e. Relative Positions of Mean, Median, and Mode. . . . . . . .49 7. Measures of Dispersion (or Variation). . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 a. Range........................................50 b. Mean Deviation (or Mean Dispersion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 c. Variance and Standard Deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 d. Coefficient of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 8. Uses of Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 a. Chebyshev’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 b. Empirical Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 9. Measures of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 a. Quartiles......................................57
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3 PROBABILITY THEORY Chapter
2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Chapter
xiii
4 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN Chapter
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5 Chapter
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